Extracting cadmium in the presence of salt: a study on three poplar clones under controlled conditions
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Extracting cadmium in the presence of salt: a study on three poplar clones under controlled conditions Maurizio Capuana 1
&
Elisabetta Bianchi 2 & Gabriele Cencetti 1 & Ilaria Colzi 2 & Cristina Gonnelli 2
Received: 24 April 2020 / Accepted: 16 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study aimed at determining the cadmium phytoextraction potential of three Populus alba L. clones cultivated in the presence of increasing sodium chloride concentrations. Plantlets of a commercial and two autochthonous poplar clones were grown in perlite with nutrient solution enriched in CdSO4 (50 and 100 μM) and NaCl (25 and 50 mM), administered either alone or in combination. The three clones showed significant variation not only in cadmium and salt tolerance, accumulation and content, but also in the effect of the interaction between the two elements on these parameters. The toxic effect of Cd and salt excess on plants was mutually exacerbated by the presence of both. Even though the outcome of the joint treatment was always a decrease in shoot Cd or Na accumulation, the three clones showed variation in the extent of such reduction. Evaluating the total element content per plant shoot, the fast-growing commercial clone displayed the highest phytoextraction potential for Cd and Na, either alone or in mixture. Our results demonstrated for the first time that the Cd response in presence of salt can vary in the different clones. Keywords Accumulation . Cadmium . Mixed contamination . Phytoextraction . Populus . Sodium chloride
Introduction Trace metals are usually present in soil in very low concentrations and are rarely lethal (Wuana and Okieimen 2011). Lately, they are accumulating in the environment because of alteration and speed-up of their natural geochemical cycle due to human interference (Kumar et al. 2017). When their concentration exceeds threshold levels, they can affect plants, animals, and ecosystems and cause serious threat to human health (Ali et al. 2019). Among such contaminants, cadmium (Cd) is one of the most environmentally toxic trace metals, accumulating in soils and water bodies mainly through the application of sewage sludge and phosphate fertilizers as soil amendments, mining, and other industrial activities (Smolders Responsible Editor: Elena Maestri * Maurizio Capuana [email protected] 1
Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
2
Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
and Mertens 2012). Furthermore, the risk of Cd to humans occurs at soil Cd concentrations well below those required to cause toxic effects on plants and soil biota (Smolders and Mertens 2012), thus increasing the possibility of entering the food chain (Ismael et al. 2019). Actually, the danger of Cd contamination above all lies in the fact that it can be readily accumulated in crops and translocated into
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