Extraction of ginsenosides from fresh ginseng roots ( Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) using commercial enzymes and high hydros
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Extraction of ginsenosides from fresh ginseng roots (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) using commercial enzymes and high hydrostatic pressure Hoon H. Sunwoo • Chong-Tai Kim Do-Yeon Kim • Jin-Soo Maeng • Chang-Won Cho • Soo-Jeong Lee
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Received: 8 February 2013 / Accepted: 12 March 2013 / Published online: 21 March 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
Abstract A combination of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and enzymatic hydrolysis (HHP-EH) was applied for the extraction of ginsenosides from fresh ginseng roots (Panax ginseng C.A. Myer). The highest yield of ginsenosides was obtained by using a mixture of three enzymes (Celluclast ? Termamyl ? Viscozyme) along with HHP (100 MPa, at 50 °C for 12 h) in comparison to control samples (no enzymes, atmosphere pressure, P \ 0.05). Total ginsenosides increased by 184 % while Rg1 ? Rb1 increased by 273 %.
Application of these conditions significantly increased total ginsenosides by 49 % and Rg1 ? Rb1 by 103 % compared to HHP treatment alone (P \ 0.05). The effect of HHP on increased yield of ginsenosides is likely due in part, to acceleration of enzyme activity. Thus HHP-EH significantly improves the extraction of ginsenosides from fresh ginseng roots.
H. H. Sunwoo (&) Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 3-142G Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, 11361-87 Ave., Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
C.-T. Kim (&) D.-Y. Kim J.-S. Maeng C.-W. Cho Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea e-mail: [email protected] D.-Y. Kim e-mail: [email protected] J.-S. Maeng e-mail: [email protected] C.-W. Cho e-mail: [email protected] S.-J. Lee Department of Food and Nutrition, Bucheon University, Bucheon, Gyeonggi 420-735, Korea e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Enzyme High hydrostatic pressure HPLC Ginsenoside Panax ginseng
Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), a member of the Araliaceae plant family, is a wild plant that has been cultivated for thousands of years in many Asian countries. Its roots are an important ingredient in Chinese medicine. Most of the bioactive ingredients are ginsenosides, a group of triterpenoidal saponins that consist of polycyclic aglycones attached to one or more sugar side chains. More than 30 g insenosides have been identified in the roots, leaves, and berries of the ginseng plant (Qi et al. 2011). Six of these (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re and Rg1) account for more than 90 % of the ginsenosides of the ginseng root (Ji et al. 2001). Ginsenosides have many pharmacological effects (Lou et al. 2006). Ginsenoside Re, for example, has antioxidant (Xie et al. 2006) and antihyperglycemic effects (Cho et al. 2006). Ginsenoside Rb1 has anti-obesity and antihyperglycemic effects in rats (Xiong et al.
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2010). Rg1, one of the major ginsenosides, improved spatial learning and memory in rats (Zhang et al. 2012) and had antidepressant-like effects (Jiang et al. 2012). The extraction and use of ginsenosides from
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