Fabrication of Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Natural Volcanic Tuff/Fe 3 O 4 and Its Catalytic Role in Microwave-A
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Fabrication of Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Natural Volcanic Tuff/Fe3O4 and Its Catalytic Role in Microwave‑Assisted Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions Talat Baran1 · Sema Akay1 · Berkant Kayan1 Received: 18 May 2020 / Accepted: 30 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Natural minerals have a huge potential as stabilizers in the catalytic systems due to their high mechanical durability, porous surface, non-toxicity and abundance in nature. This study aims to the development of a magnetically retrievable, heterogeneous palladium catalytic system derived from volcanic tuff (VT), an abundant form of zeolite, for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling (SMC) reactions. For this purpose, a new catalyst support was designed by loading volcanic tuff with F e3O4 (VT/Fe3O4) and palladium nanoparticles were prepared on VT/Fe3O4 via wet chemical reduction method (Pd NPs@VT/Fe3O4). Then, Pd NPs@VT/Fe3O4 was evaluated as a heterogeneous catalyst in the microwave-assisted production of biaryl via SMC reactions. Pd NPs@VT/Fe3O4 efficiently coupled various substituted aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides in a very short reaction time, solvent-free media and in an air environment. Catalytic tests indicated that Pd NPs@VT/Fe3O4 converted aryl halides into desired biaryls with a high yield up to 99%. Moreover, it was showed that Pd NPs@VT/Fe3O4 retained its stability and catalytic performance by producing 92% yield after eight successive cycles. This study demonstrated that VT can be a good alternative support alongside other known supports such as biopolymers, carbon and silica based materials and it can be utilized for the synthesis of different catalysts. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Volcanic tuff · Palladium · Microwave · Biaryl · Suzuki–miyaura
* Talat Baran [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
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1 Introduction Recently, nanotechnology has emerged as a multidisciplinary research area, widely used in biology, medicine, chemistry, physics and material science [1, 2]. In this context, generation of metallic nanoparticles (M NPs) have gained considerable attention in the field of catalysis due to their high surface area, outstanding catalytic performance, and unique spectral and optical properties [3, 4]. Therefore, various metallic nanoparticles such as Au, Ag and Cu have been utilized as catalysts in various reactions [5–7]. Transition metal catalyzed SMC reaction is one of the most important organic reactions used for the production of biaryls, which are the building blocks of important compounds such as agrochemicals, conductive polymers and natural products [8–10]. Homogeneous catalysts are usually employed for the synthesis of biaryls via SMC reactions but they suffer from poor recoverability and reusability, which are important properties from an economical and environmental point of view, since separation of the catalyst is diffic
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