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The Belt and Road Initiative

Francisco José B. S. Leandro · Paulo Afonso B. Duarte Editors

The Belt and Road Initiative An Old Archetype of a New Development Model

Editors Francisco José B. S. Leandro City University of Macau Macau SAR, China

Paulo Afonso B. Duarte Research Centre in Political Science University of Minho Braga, Portugal

ISBN 978-981-15-2563-6 ISBN 978-981-15-2564-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2564-3 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover image: Architect Francisco Ricarte, March 2019 This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Cover photo: Hong Kong/Zhuhai/Macau Bridge, inaugurated in 2018, is the longest bridge ever built in the world. Therefore, it stands as an example of People’s Republic of China’s effort and determination not only in improving its communication network within the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong province, but also in further enhancing the connectivity with regions beyond the bridge physical’s reach, namely on Southwest Asia, as major airport hubs and seaports are located within the Pearl River Delta region. Thus, the cover photo is an expression of China’s ‘communication dynamics’ and highlights the role such infrastructure plays in ‘The Belt and Road Initiative’ strategy.

Foreword: Connectivity with Consent

In Brussels too, China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is on everybody’s lips. On 27 September 2019, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and outgoing Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker opened the first EU-Asia Connectivity Forum by signing a partnership on sustainable co