Factor Structure of Repetitive Behaviors Across Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Factor Structure of Repetitive Behaviors Across Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Noah J. Brierley1 · Christina G. McDonnell1,2,3 · Kaitlyn M. A. Parks1,2 · Samantha E. Schulz1,2 · Tyler C. Dalal1 · Elizabeth Kelley4 · Evdokia Anagnostou5 · Robert Nicolson6 · Stelios Georgiades7 · Jennifer Crosbie8 · Russell Schachar8 · Xudong Liu9 · Ryan A. Stevenson1,2,6,10 Accepted: 12 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Restricted interests and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and commonly occur in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Little is known about how RRBs manifest in ADHD. We quantified and compared factor structures of RRBs in children with ASD (n = 634) or ADHD (n = 448), and related factors to sex and IQ. A four-factor solution emerged, including Stereotypy, Self-Injury, Compulsions, and Ritualistic/Sameness. Factor structures were equivalent across diagnoses, though symptoms were more severe in ASD. IQ negatively correlated with Stereotypy, Self-Injury, and Compulsions in ASD, and negatively correlated with Compulsions and Ritualistic/Sameness behaviors in ADHD. In ASD only, females exhibited higher Self-Injury. Thus, patterns of RRBs are preserved across ASD and ADHD, but severity and relationship with IQ differed. Keywords Autism spectrum disorder · Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder · Factor analysis · Restricted and repetitive behaviors
* Noah J. Brierley [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
2
Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
3
Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
4
Department of Psychology, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
5
Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
6
Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
7
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
8
The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
9
Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
10
Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
Abbreviations ASD Autism spectrum disorder ADHD Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder EFA Exploratory factor analysis RRBs Restricted and repetitive behaviors
Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses a range of social communication difficulties combined with restricted interests and repetitive behaviors (RRBs; APA 2013). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a combination of inattention and hyperactive-impulsivity symptoms (APA 2013). These disorders show high rates of comorbidity (Ronald et al. 2008), at both the diagnostic level and in sub-threshold symptomology (Grzadzinski et al. 2011; Reiersen et al. 2007). Both disorders are highly heritable (Faraone et al. 2005; Sandin et al. 2017) and have a significant d
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