Factors associated with current and severe pain among people living with HIV: results from a statewide sample
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Factors associated with current and severe pain among people living with HIV: results from a statewide sample Verlin Joseph1* , Abenaa Jones2, Shantrel Canidate1, Zachary Mannes3, Huiyin Lu4, Nichole Ennis5, Gladys Ibanez6, Charurut Somboonwit7 and Robert Cook1
Abstract Background: People living with HIV (PLHIV) are more likely to suffer from pain compared to the general public. Pain often clusters with mental health symptoms and substance use. This study sought to evaluate mental health and substance use factors associated with any pain and severe pain intensities among PLHIV. Methods: Data were derived from HIV+ adults (N = 733) recruited from community health centers across Florida who completed questionnaires regarding demographics, chronic pain, HIV clinical outcomes, mental health symptoms, and substance use information. Pain was assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) short form. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to assess the relationship between selected covariates and pain. Results: Approximately half (45.0%) of participants reported having any current pain while 16.1% reported severe pain. The odds of having any current pain were 2.49 (CI 95% 1.48, 4.18, p < 0.01) times greater among PLHIV reporting anxiety and 1.69 (CI 95% 1.11, 2.57, p = 0.01) times greater among PLHIV reporting PTSD compared to those without those factors. The odds of having severe pain were 2.03 (CI 95% 1.03, 4.01, p = 0.04) times greater among PLHIV reporting anxiety and 2.02 (CI 95% 1.26, 3.24, p < 0.01) times greater among female participants compared to PLHIV without those factors respectively. Factors including depression, alcohol consumption, and marijuana use were not statistically associated with any current pain nor with severe pain. Conclusion: The relationship between pain and mental health is complex. Thus, future research is needed to determine if pain treatments may reduce mental health symptoms or if treatments can be targeted to address both issues simultaneously. Keywords: Marijuana, Pain, PLHIV, Mental health, Substance use
Background Advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have increased the life expectancy among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) and have transformed the once fatal disease into a serious chronic illness [1]. As a result, * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100231, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
researchers have shifted their focus to developing a greater understanding of the quality of life among PLHIV within the psychosocial context of chronic pain [2–4]. PLHIV are more likely to suffer from pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders, neuropathic pain, and headache disorders than the general population [5, 6]. Additionally, PLHIV reporting severe pain are more likely to report missed clinic visits compared to
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