Factors Influencing Measure-based Adaptation of Rice Farmers for Slow-Onset Hazard: the Case of Saltwater Inundation in
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Factors Influencing Measure-based Adaptation of Rice Farmers for Slow-Onset Hazard: the Case of Saltwater Inundation in the Philippines and Vietnam Catherine Roween C. Almaden 1 Thanh Tung Diep2 Agnes C. Rola3 Rowena D. T. Baconguis3 Juan M. Pulhin3 Jose V. Camacho3 Rico C. Ancog3 ●
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Received: 5 December 2019 / Accepted: 4 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study sought to determine the factors influencing rice farmers’ adaptation to a slow-onset hazard such as saltwater inundation. The research is based on a survey conducted through personal interviews using Kobotool App consisting of 326 coastal rice farmers in Northern Mindanao, the Philippines and 258 rice farmers in two provinces in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. There were four levels of analyses for the assessment of the feasibility of the adaptation measures implemented by the farmers. First, it classified adaptation measures into specific categories: technology based, farm-based crop management, ecosystem-based adaptation, off-farm income diversification, and other measures. Second, it developed a multi-criteria assessment tool on adaptation measures based on stakeholder analysis and expert judgment based on four major feasibility criteria. Third, it determined the level of adaptation based on the combination of measures and the feasibility of the chosen measures by constructing a measure-based adaptation index (MAI). Finally, it came up with a model showing the factors influencing the MAI of the farmers. The results revealed that adaptation takes place at different levels in the two countries based on the diversity of measures, the feasibility of the various measures, and the varying conditions of saltwater inundation. The empirical evidence provides systematic support for the hypothesis that adaptation measures are influenced by a confluence of social, institutional, and economic factors. Keywords Adaptation measures Saltwater inundation Measure-based adaptation index Determinants of adaptation The Philippines Vietnam ●
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Introduction Background of the Study There is a growing volume of evidence that suggests that in many situations, the most successful and cost-effective actions to sustainable development is to protect people from the impacts of climate change by ensuring high levels of
* Catherine Roween C. Almaden [email protected] 1
Northern Bukidnon Community College, Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon, Philippines
2
Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh, Vietnam
3
University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, The Philippines
adaptive capacity to threats to both lives and livelihoods (Bierbaum and Zoellick 2009; Cismaru et al. 2011; Dietz 2012; Kumar et al. 2012; Saito 2013; Tessema et al. 2018). Thus, it is necessary to carry out research that attempt to understand the factors that influence adaptive capacity (Agrawal and Lemos 2015; Füssel 2010; Grothmann and Reusswig 2006; Safi et al. 2012; Smit and Pilifosova 2003). It is widely believed that a
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