Fatty Acids and Phytosterols to Discriminate Geographic Origin of Lycium barbarum Berry
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Fatty Acids and Phytosterols to Discriminate Geographic Origin of Lycium barbarum Berry L. Cossignani 1 & F. Blasi 1 & M. S. Simonetti 1 & D. Montesano 1
Received: 23 June 2017 / Accepted: 8 November 2017 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2017
Abstract Since product authenticity is an important topic in the food sector, the composition of fatty acids (FA) and phytosterols of goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.), produced in different countries (China, Italy, Mongolia), was investigated. The main objective was to classify and discriminate goji samples of different production areas. Goji lipids were characterized by high percentages of essential FA (47.8, 61.0, and 61.6% for Italian, Mongolian, and Chinese samples, respectively). In addition, goji berry was an interesting source of phytosterols with content ranging from 42.8 to 130.1 mg/ 100 g for Italian and Mongolian samples, respectively. βSitosterol was the predominant component in Italian samples, while Δ5-avenasterol and Δ-5,23-stigmastadienol were more represented in the extra-European samples than the Italian ones. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for FA and sterol percent compositions have highlighted the ability to discriminate the geographic origin of goji samples. LDA classification results showed that 100% of both original and the cross-validated grouped cases were correctly classified using sterol data and suggested that sterol composition might be used as geographical marker.
Keywords Goji berry . Fatty acids . Phytosterols . Multivariate statistical analysis . Origin authentication
* F. Blasi [email protected]
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
Introduction Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) is well known as a traditional herbal medicine and functional food, and can be incorporated into daily lifestyle for maintaining good health. Several studies indicate beneficial effects of goji fruit on aging, neuroprotection, glucose control, immunomodulation, cancer, and cytoprotection. Various pre-clinical in vivo animal and in vitro cell culture studies have shown the efficacy of L. barbarum as antioxidants in protecting against various peroxidation-related conditions (Amagase and Farnsworth 2011). Recently, the production and sale of raw berries and goji berry-related food products (juices, drinks, jams, bakery products, energy bars, confectionery goods) have increased rapidly since nutritionists have described these berries as superfood (Llorent-Martínez et al. 2013). Moreover, goji berry bioactives are available on the market as nutraceuticals in the form of supplements and capsules (Bae et al. 2017). As regards biologically active components of L. barbarum fruit, polysaccharides (Yuan et al. 2016), simple sugars (Montesano et al. 2016), phenols (Forino et al. 2016), carotenoids and carotenoid esters (Hempel et al. 2017), and trace elements (Wojcieszek et al. 2017) are the most stud
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