Neutral Lipids from Fruit of Lycium barbarum and L. ruthenicum
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NEUTRAL LIPIDS FROM FRUIT OF Lycium barbarum AND L. ruthenicum
S. G. Yunusova,1 S. S. Lyashenko,2 M. A. Sekinaeva,2 R. A. Sidorov,3 O. N. Denisenko,2 and M. S. Yunusov1*
The compositions of neutral lipids (NL) from fruit of L. barbarum, commercially available (I) and introduced (II), and wild L. ruthenicum (III) were studied. The contents of NL in fruit of I (6.1%), II (3.7%), and III (7.54%) and the fatty acid (FA) compositions were determined. The class composition of NL from I, II, and III was established. The FA compositions of all acyl-containing NL classes were determined. The position-forms (21 forms) and types (4 types) of the triacylglyceride (TAG) compositions of II were established using pancreatic hydrolysis. It was shown that the 2-position in TAG molecules was occupied mainly by unsaturated FA. Keywords: Lycium barbarum L., L. ruthenicum Murray, Solanaceae Juss., lipids, fatty acids. Fruit of Lycium barbarum L. (common goji) and L. ruthenicum Murray (Russian goji) (Solanaceae Juss.) are widely used in traditional medicine and cuisine of East Asia [1, 2]. Polysaccharides (23 mass% of air-dried fruit) are some of the major constituents of L. barbarum fruit [2], which also contains vitamins, glycerogalactolipids, flavonoids, free amino acids, essential and fatty oils, carotenoids, betaine, cerebroside, β-sitosterol, p-coumaric acid, triterpene alcohols, sterols, and trace elements [3]. The alkaloid atropine was detected in L. barbarum fruit growing in India [2]. Fruit and roots of L. barbarum have a therapeutic effect on several chronic diseases such as hectic fever, diabetes, and cough. Recent research showed pronounced antiglaucoma, immunoregulatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and antitumor effects [4]. Fruit of L. ruthenicum (also called black goji) contains anthocyanins, coumarins, polyphenolic compounds, highly branched arabinogalactans, LRGP5 pectin, and pigments [5–8]. L. ruthenicum was mentioned as a traditional medicinal plant in the Tibetan medical collection Jing Zhu Ben Cao [9]. Its fruit possesses antioxidant, immunomodulating, cytoprotective, and radioprotective activity and is used for anemia and diabetes, ophthalmological and cardiovascular diseases, menstrual cycle disorders, menopause, and impotency and to normalize liver functions [5, 7, 10, 11]. Lipids from fruit and seeds of Lycium species are poorly studied. Mainly the oil contents of seeds and the fatty acid compositions have been determined. Thus, studies of L. intricatum Boiss. seeds found that they contained 20% oil, the major fatty acids (FA) of which were 18:1 (49.47%), 16:1 (27.96), and 22:1 (13.62) [12]. Supercritical CO2 extraction of L. barbarum seeds isolated oil (19.3%) that exhibited pronounced antioxidant activity [1]. GC-MS was used to identify in the FAs 18:2, 18:1(Δ12), 16:0, 20:6, 18:3(Δ8, 11, 14), and 20:0. These results, i.e., a large amount of 16:1 and an insignificant amount of 16:0 acid [12] and the presence of 20:6, 18:3(Δ8, 11, 14), and 18:1(Δ12) acids, are dubious. Therefore, it seemed advisable to stu
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