Feasibility of Co-Treating Olive Mill Wastewater and Acid Mine Drainage
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TECHNICAL ARTICLE
Feasibility of Co‑Treating Olive Mill Wastewater and Acid Mine Drainage Jorge Dias Carlier1 · Ana Teresa Luís1,3 · Luís Miguel Alexandre1 · Maria Clara Costa1,2 Received: 5 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Previous tests using a growth medium and olive mill wastewater (OMWW) have shown that it supplies carbon and electron donors suitable for sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB). We assessed the co-treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) and OMWW using SRB-enriched bioreactors and identified the most abundant bacterial populations present under optimized conditions. The process requires a neutralizing agent to create optimal pH conditions for successful removal of the AMD’s main contaminants. Concentrations of S O42−, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn decreased to below Portugal’s maximum admissible values for irrigation waters, and all but Mn were reduced to less than Portugal’s emission limit values (ELVs) for wastewater discharges. Phenol concentrations—the main pollutants in OMWW—dropped to values between 1/10 and 1/5 their initial concentrations in batch tests using mixtures of AMD and OMWW, and to 1/2 their initial concentrations in flow-through tests. The final total phenol concentrations were still above the ELV for wastewater discharges, but phenols are not regulated in irrigation waters, and OMWW is used by some producers to irrigate soils. Six main SRB groups were identified as likely having a fundamental role in the bioremediation process: the genera Desulfovibrio, Sulfurospirillum, and Acetobacter and the families Sphingomonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Deferribacteraceae. Keywords Bioremediation · Anaerobic bioreactor · Sulphate reducing bacteria · Acid rock drainage · Olive oil by-products
Introduction Acid mine drainage (AMD), also known as acid rock drainage, can contain high concentrations of sulphate, metals, and metalloids that can contaminate groundwater and watercourses and damage the health of aquatic species, plants, wildlife, and humans (Johnson 2003; Simate and Ndlovu Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-020-00719-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Maria Clara Costa [email protected] 1
Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, bldg 7, 8005‑139 Faro, Portugal
2
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, bldg 8, 8005‑139 Faro, Portugal
3
Present Address: Department of Geosciences, GeoBioTec, Geobiosciences, Geotechnologies and Geoengineering Research Center, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810‑193 Aveiro, Portugal
2014). The main cause of AMD is the oxidation of sulphide minerals (mainly pyrite) due to their exposure to oxygen, water, and microorganisms. It may occur naturally but is accelerated by mining activities that increase the exposure of Fe sulphide minerals to such conditions (Egiebor and Oni 2007; Johnson 2003; Johnson and Hallberg 2005)
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