Effects of Olive Mill Wastewater and Two Natural Extracts as Nitrification Inhibitors on Activity of Nitrifying Bacteria
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Effects of Olive Mill Wastewater and Two Natural Extracts as Nitrification Inhibitors on Activity of Nitrifying Bacteria, Soil Nitrate Leaching Loss, and Nitrogen Metabolism of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Catello Di Martino1 · Giuseppe Palumbo1 · Erika Di Iorio1 · Claudio Colombo1 · Thomas W. Crawford Jr.2 Received: 7 February 2020 / Accepted: 29 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Minimizing nitrification of fertilizer ammonium ( NH4+) can reduce nitrate ( NO3−) contamination of groundwater and increase nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE). Olive mill wastewater (OMW), hydroalcoholic extracts of Mentha piperita L. (Mp) and Artemisia annua L. (Aa), and synthetic nitrification inhibitor (NI) dicyandiamide (DCD) were investigated. All NIs reduced activity of nitrifying bacteria and N O3− leached and increased efficiency of N metabolism of celery (Apium graveolens L.) during 56 days in a soil mixture fertilized with ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]. Soil N O3− leaching losses of DCD, OMW, Mp, and Aa treatments were 24%, 26%, 67%, and 78% of the untreated control loss, respectively, at 35 and 56 days after planting (DAP). Decreased nitrification by NIs resulted in greater concentrations of soil NH4+ correlated with less nitrate reductase (NR) activity in roots and leaves and less soil acidification compared to the control. At 35 and 56 DAP, DCD and OMW treatments decreased NR and increased glutamine synthetase activities in leaves and roots, compared to the control. NIs increased leaf and root protein and amino acids. OMW significantly decreased leaching loss of N O3− to 10% of fertilizer + N applied to the soil, compared to 38% of applied N H4 -N leached from the control. OMW proved an effective alternative to DCD to improve NUE of NH4+-fertilizers. Keywords Mentha piperita L. · Artemisia annua L. · Dicyandiamide · Ammonium · Nitrite · Amino acids
Introduction Large amounts of ammoniacal fertilizers commonly used to increase crop yield and quality (Sutton et al. 2011) can disrupt both small- and large-scale ecosystems (Smil 2011). Despite extensive fertilization, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is often sub-optimal in intensive crop production systems (Raun and Johnson 1999; Knudsen et al. 2006; Vitousek et al. 2009). High application rates of fertilizers supplying N as urea, NH4+ , or NO3− to crops have been associated with N loss from soil in the liquid (NO3− leaching) and gas ( N2O emission) phases, resulting in increasing * Catello Di Martino [email protected] 1
Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DIAAA), University of Molise, v. De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, (CB), Italy
Global Agronomy, LLC, Marana, AZ 85658, USA
2
environmental problems (Glass 2003; Ishikawa et al. 2003; Zhu et al. 2003; Schröder 2014; Qu et al. 2014). It has been estimated that when 50% of the N applied to the field in the form of N H4+ or urea is assimilated by the plants, about 50% is lost as N O3− by leaching and by denitrific
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