Feasibility of soil washing agents to remove fluoride and risk assessment of fluoride-contaminated soils
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CLEAN UP KOREA 2019
Feasibility of soil washing agents to remove fluoride and risk assessment of fluoride-contaminated soils Yongtae Ahn 1 & Kalimuthu Pandi 1 & Dong-Wan Cho 2 & Jaeyoung Choi 1 Received: 30 March 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose The objectives of this study are to find the most suitable soil washing agent and the optimal concentration for fluoride removal and to further provide insights into fluoride-contaminated soil washing. Methods The effects of the washing solution, the concentration, and the particle size of soil on the fluoride removal efficiency were investigated. Evaluation of the feasibility of ZrO2 to treat soil-washing wastewater and risk assessment of fluoride contaminated soil before and after soil washing were also conducted. The fluoride concentration in soil was measured following the standard method, and the fluoride concentration in solution was measured following 2-(parasulfophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6naphthalene-disulfonate (SPADNS) spectrophotometric method. Results Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) showed the highest fluoride removal efficiency. The dominant fraction of F was the residual fraction before and after soil washing. ZrO2 injection showed 97.9% of fluoride removal efficiency in the post-treatment of soil-washing wastewater. The hazard quotient for non-carcinogenic risk was 1.12 × 10−2 for adults and 1.04 × 10−1 for children, respectively. Conclusion The results indicated that 1 M of H2SO4 could meet Korean soil standard (400 mg/kg) as soil washing solution. These results indicated that the soil washing of fluoride-contaminated soil with H2SO4 could be a feasible technique for soil remediation. Keywords Fluoride . Soil washing . Washing agent . Wastewater treatment . Risk assessment
1 Introduction Fluorine is widespread in nature (Vithanage and Bhattacharya 2015). Among them, fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F), mica (AB2– 3(X, Si)4O10(O, F, OH)2), and fluorite (CaF2) are the most common substances liable for the discharge of high Responsible editor: Daniel Alessi Supplementary Information The online version of this article (https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02808-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jaeyoung Choi [email protected] 1
Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
2
Geological Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, 124 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
concentrations of fluoride in groundwater (Abe et al. 2004, Cronin et al. 2000, Edmunds and Smedley 2013). The concentrations of fluorine in soils were detected in the range of 20–560 mg/kg, and the average concentration of fluorine in Korea soils was 225 mg/kg. Fluoride is mostly used in manufacturing industries such as semi-conductor, steel, and electronics for cleaning and washing purposes (Kim et al. 2009). Leaked fluoride a
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