Feasibility study of red mud for geopolymer preparation: effect of particle size fraction
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Feasibility study of red mud for geopolymer preparation: effect of particle size fraction Jian Zhang1 · Shucai Li1 · Zhaofeng Li1 · Chao Liu1 · Yifan Gao1 Received: 30 August 2019 / Accepted: 17 March 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The storage of red mud has seriously damaged the ecological environment, and its utilization is urgent. The roles of particle size fraction of red mud on the geopolymer properties was investigated, to provide guidance for the preparation of red mudbased geopolymer. The composition variation, workability, mechanical strength, and microstructure of each red mud fraction were analyzed, and the results show that the chemical composition changed with the classification. The fluidity decreased first and then increased with the decrement of particle fraction, and all the specimens showed the rheological characteristics of Herschel–Buckley model. The specimens with coarser and finer particles both had excellent mechanical strength and lower porosity. The microstructure of red mud-based geopolymer with different red mud particle fractions was analyzed by FTIR, XRD and SEM–EDS. The results showed that the main hydration products were geopolymer gel (N-A-C-S-H). And the particle fraction has a little effect on the kinds of hydration products. Finally, the particle fraction of red mud was classified according to the properties of red mud-based geopolymer. Keywords Red mud · Geopolymer · Particle size fraction · Workability · Mechanical properties
Introduction Geopolymer, a term of three-dimensional networks which are considered as a substitute for ordinary Portland cement due to its advantages of high compressive strength, short setting time, anti-corrosion, and low carbon emission [1–4]. With the increasing scarcity of natural resources and the urgent need of global environmental protection, a large number of industrial waste such as fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, agricultural waste and municipal refuse had been studied to prepare geopolymer materials [5–8]. Geopolymer is considered to be an effective way to prepare cementitious materials by solid waste resources. Red mud is a solid powder waste discharged from the alumina production process [9–11]. Approximately 120 million tons of red mud are emitted annually all over the world, and it has a destructive effect on the environment. Red mud mainly consists of A l2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, and N a2O, and it has the potential to produce geopolymer [12, 13]. In recent * Zhaofeng Li [email protected] 1
Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
years, much work has been carried out on the mechanism, activator, curing methods, mechanical property, durability, microstructure of red mud-based geopolymers [14–18]. And the transformations of Al, Si, Fe, and Na in the geopolymerization process has been studied systematically by Jiakuan Yang et al. [19–23]. Although much works have been done to investigate the feasibility of re
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