First molecular characterization of avian paramyxovirus-1 (Newcastle disease virus) in Botswana
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First molecular characterization of avian paramyxovirus‑1 (Newcastle disease virus) in Botswana Tebogo Kgotlele1 · Boitumelo Modise1 · John Fredrick Nyange1 · Carter Thanda1 · Giovanni Cattoli2 · William G. Dundon2,3 Received: 31 March 2020 / Accepted: 19 May 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1), the causative agent of Newcastle disease (ND) in domestic and wild avian species, has recently been reported and characterized in five southern African countries (i.e. Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe). Since APMV-1s have never been characterized in Botswana, this study was undertaken to determine the genotype circulating in the country. Fourteen samples were collected from ND outbreaks in poultry in 2014, 2018 and 2019 and the complete fusion protein gene was sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all of the viruses from Botswana clustered in genotype VII.2 (previously subgenotype VIIh) and that they were more related to viruses from South Africa and Mozambique than the other southern African countries (i.e. Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe). Keywords Newcastle disease virus · Avian paramyxovirus-1 · Genotype VII · Phylogenetic analysis · Poultry · Botswana
Introduction Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent strains of avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) [also commonly referred to as Newcastle disease virus (NDV)], is a highly infectious and devastating disease of domestic and wild avian species. Despite the availability of vaccines, ND continues to threaten the livelihoods and food security of millions globally. APMV-1 is a non-segmented, negative, singlestranded RNA virus that is a member of the Avian orthoavulavirus-1 species, within the Orthoavulavirus genus of family Paramyxoviridae [1]. Over the years a number of different classification systems based on the comparison of Edited by Detlev H. Kruger. * William G. Dundon [email protected] 1
Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
2
Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
3
Animal Production and Health Laboratory, IAEA, Freidenstrasse, 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
the viral fusion protein (F) gene have been proposed leading to a certain degree of confusion in the field [2–5]. The most recent of these proposals by Dimitrov et al. [6] has identified two classes of APMV-1 (I and II); viruses from Class I belong to a single genotype, while 20 genotypes have been identified for Class II viruses. However, the updated and improved classification by Dimitrov et al. changed the designation of genotype VII subgenotypes as defined previously by Diel et al. [5]. For example, Diel et al.’s system allowed for the identification of nine subgenotypes of genotype VII (i.e. VIIb, VIId, VIIe, VIIf, VIIh, VIIi,
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