First report of a symbiotic relationship between Xenorhabdus griffiniae and an unknown Steinernema from South Africa
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ORIGINAL PAPER
First report of a symbiotic relationship between Xenorhabdus griffiniae and an unknown Steinernema from South Africa Jonike Dreyer1 · Antoinette P. Malan2 · Leon M. T. Dicks1 Received: 13 July 2017 / Revised: 23 October 2017 / Accepted: 13 November 2017 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2017
Abstract Strain WS9, a mutualistic-associated bacterium, was isolated from an unknown entomopathogenic Steinernema nematode, collected from a litchi orchard in Friedenheim, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic data of the 16S rRNA, gltX, recA, dnaN, gyrB and infB gene sequences, strain WS9 is identified as X. griffiniae. Strain WS9 has antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This is the first report of an association between X. griffiniae and an unknown Steinernema species from South Africa. Keywords Entomopathogenic nematodes · Mutualistic bacterium · Taxonomy · 16S rRNA
Introduction Members of the genus Xenorhabdus are Gram-negative, asporogenic, fermentative, facultative anaerobic rods with a respiratory and fermentative metabolism, and belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. They grow optimally at 28 °C, are oxidase and catalase negative and do not reduce nitrate to nitrite (Thomas and Poinar 1997; Akhurst and Boemare 2005). Acid is produced from the fermentation of glucose, but without the release of CO2. N-acetyl-glucosamine, glycerol, fructose and mannose are usually fermented (Akhurst and Boemare 2005). Xenorhabdus species are known to produce two phenotypic variants that differ in morphology and physiology. Phase I cells are larger than phase II cells, absorb certain dyes and produce proteases, lipases and antibiotics (Akhurst 1980; Boemare and Akhurst 1988). Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-017-1452-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Leon M. T. Dicks [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
2
Xenorhabdus spp. are closely associated with entomopathogenic nematodes of the family Steinernematidae that infects insects such as Lepidoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (Laumond et al. 1979; Poinar 1979). Although the association between Xenorhabdus spp. and nematodes is species-specific, a single species may infect different Steinernema spp. (Fischer-Le Saux et al. 1997; Lee and Stock 2010). More than 20 Xenorhabdus species have been characterised, with approximately 11 of these species being associated with more than one Steinernema nematode species (Tailliez et al. 2006; Stock 2015). Steinernema dauer larvae or non-feeding infective juvenile (IJ) transport Xenorhabdus to the haemocoel by entering natural openings on the body of the insect. Once in the
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