Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Xenorhabdus bovienii symbiotically associated with Steinernema silvaticum
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Xenorhabdus bovienii symbiotically associated with Steinernema silvaticum Waldemar Kazimierczak1 · Ewa Sajnaga1 · Marcin Skowronek1 · Anna Maria Kreft1 · Henryk Wojciech Skrzypek2 · Adrian Wiater3
Received: 21 April 2016 / Revised: 13 June 2016 / Accepted: 15 June 2016 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Abstract Steinernema silvaticum is a common entomopathogenic nematode in soil of Europe; however, little is known about the bacteria living in symbiosis with this animal. In this study, we have isolated four bacterial strains from S. silvaticum and identified them as members of the species Xenorhabdus bovienii. This study was based on 16S rRNA and concatenated recA, dnaN, gltX, and gyrB gene sequence analysis. In addition, phenotypic traits have been considered, indicating that the tested strains are the most similar to those of X. bovienii. The phylogenetic relationships between the isolated strains and other strains of X. bovienii derived from various nematode hosts were analyzed and discussed. This is the first report confirming the symbiotic association of X. bovienii with S. silvaticum.
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00203-016-1261-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Waldemar Kazimierczak [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Biocontrol, Application and Production of EPN, Department of Biotechnology and Environment Sciences, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1 J, 20‑708 Lublin, Poland
2
Laboratory Ultrastructure and Electron Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology and Environment Sciences, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1F, 20‑708 Lublin, Poland
3
Department of Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Akademicka 19, 20‑033 Lublin, Poland
Keywords Xenorhabdus bovienii · Steinernema silvaticum · Entomopathogenic nematodes · Symbiosis · Phylogeny Abbreviation IJ (s) Infective juvenile (s)
Introduction Bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus Thomas and Poinar 1979 (γ-Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae) are symbiotically associated with insect-pathogenic nematodes classified in the genus Steinernema Travassos 1927 (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). In natural conditions, these bacteria occur only in the intestinal lumen of dauer juveniles of nematodes and in the body cavity of infected insects that are their hosts (Boemare 2002). Dauer juveniles (also called infective juveniles, IJs) protect the bacteria from environmental stress and antagonistic microorganisms and transfer them from one insect host to another in a specially adapted cecum-like vesicle placed in the anterior part of the gut (Bird and Akhurst 1983). Once a suitable host has been found, IJs enter the host through natural openings (mouth, anus, spiracles) and penetrate into the host’s hemocoel, wher
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