Fisheries Acoustics
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Fisheries Acous tics David N. MacLennan Deputy Director Marine Laboratory Scottish Office Agriculture and Fisheries Department Aberdeen, Scotland
E. John Simmonds Head of Sonar Section Marine Laboratory Scottish Office Agriculture and Fisheries Department Aberdeen, Scotland
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
First edltion 1992
© 1992 David N. MaclA!nnan and E. John Simmonds Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1992 So:ftcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1992
Typset In 10/12 Pbotina by Interprint Ltd., Malta
ISBN 978-90-481-4004-6
O 422 31472 8 (USA)
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or crlticlsm or revlew, as pennltted under the UK Copyright Deslgns and Patents Act, 1988, thls publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, In any form or by any means, wlthout the prlor permlssion In wrlting of the publishers, or In the case of reprographic reproduction only In accordance wlth the terms of the licences lssued by the Copyright IJcenslng Agency In the UK. or In accordance wlth the terms of bcences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organlzation outslde the UK. Enqulrles concemlng reproduction outslde the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address prlnted on thls page. The pubbsher makes no representation, express or lmplied, wlth regard to the accuracy of the lnformation contalned In thls book and cannot accept any legal responsibillty or babillty for any errors or omlssions that may be made. A catalogue record for thls boolt ls available from the Brltish Llbrary. Ilbrary of Congress Cataloglng-in-Publication data MaclA!nnan, D.N. Fisheries acoustlcs 1 David N. Maci.ennan. E. John Simmonds. p. cm. Includea bibliographical references and Index.
ISBN 978-94-017-1558-4 (eBook) ISBN 978-90-481-4004-6 DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1558-4 . U. Title. 1. Pish detection. 1. Simmonds, E. John, 1952SH344.2.M33 1991 639.2-dc20
91-24132 CIP
To Sheila and Chris
Contents
Colour plate section appears between pages 17 6 and 177 Acknowledgements Series foreword Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 A brief history 1.2 Synopsis 2 Underwater sound 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sound waves 2.3 Transducers and beams 2.4 Acoustic propagation 2.5 Acoustic scattering 2.6 Echo detection 2. 7 The operating frequency Appendix A Calculation of the absorption coefficient Appendix B Calculation of the sound speed 3 Acoustic instruments 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
Introduction Echosounders Measurement of target strength Sonars Wide-band systems Pingers and transponders Calibration
xi xiii XV
1
2 4
7 7 9 13 20
29 39 41 42 43
45 45 46 54 59 66 67 68
viii
Contents
4 Biological acoustics 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
Introduction Biological sounds and hearing Underwater explosions Swimbladder resonance Plankton acoustics
5 Observation and measurement of fish 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Simple observation methods 5.3 Echo counting 5.4 Echo integration Appendix C The true size distribution of schools Appendix D Calculation of the TVG error 6 Target strength 6.
