Speech Acoustics and Phonetics

The overall aim of the book is to provide an integrated view of the separate stages of the speech chain, covering the production process, speech data analysis and speech perception. Analysis of information bearing elements of the speech signal have f

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SPEECH ACOUSTICS AND PHONETICS

Text, Speech and Language Technology VOLUME 24

Series Editors Nancy Ide, Vassar College, New York Jean V´eronis, Universit´e de Provence and CNRS, France Editorial Board Harald Baayen, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, The Netherlands Kenneth W. Church, AT & T Bell Labs, New Jersey, USA Judith Klavans, Columbia University, New York, USA David T. Barnard, University of Regina, Canada Dan Tufis, Romanian Academy of Sciences, Romania Joaquim Llisterri, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain Stig Johansson, University of Oslo, Norway Joseph Mariani, LIMSI-CNRS, France

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

Speech Acoustics and Phonetics

by GUNNAR FANT Department of Speech, Music and Hearing, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON

A C.I.P Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 1-4020-2789-3 (PB) ISBN 1-4020-2373-1 (HB) ISBN 1-4020-2790-7 (e-book)

Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.  C

Printed in the Netherlands.

CONTENTS

Foreword

vii

Preface

ix

Introduction

xi

List of selected articles

xiii

1. Speech research overview

1

2. Speech production and synthesis

15

3. The voice source

93

4. Speech analysis and features

143

5. Speech perception

199

6. Prosody

221

Publication list 1945–2004

301

Reference categories

319

v

FOREWORD by Louis C.W. Pols University of Amsterdam

Since almost 60 years Gunnar Fant has actively contributed to the field of Speech Acoustics and Phonetics. Almost every speech scientist in the world knows him because he is still a frequent visitor of conferences and workshops all over the world. They may also know about some of his work, but only few have a proper knowledge about the details and the breadth of his pioneering and still ongoing research. This is partly related to the fact that in the early days many of his contributions were only published in the Quarterly Progress and Status Reports (QPSR) of the Speech Transmission Laboratory (STL) of the Speech Comm