Flame Resistant Cotton Fabric Containing Casein and Inorganic Materials Using an Environmentally-Friendly Microwave Assi
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ISSN 1229-9197 (print version) ISSN 1875-0052 (electronic version)
Flame Resistant Cotton Fabric Containing Casein and Inorganic Materials Using an Environmentally-Friendly Microwave Assisted Technique SeChin Chang*, Brian Condon, Jade Smith, and Sunghyun Nam United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), LA 70124, United States (Received September 3, 2019; Revised January 8, 2020; Accepted January 20, 2020) Abstract: New methods for formulating flame retardant cotton fabrics have been achieved by applying a microwave-assisted technique with low amounts of solvent. Trials using cotton fabrics treated with casein from bovine milk and eco-friendly inorganic materials, urea and diammonium phosphate, were completed successfully. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 45 o angle (clothing textiles test), and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests were carried out for the treated cotton fabrics. When the treated fabrics were tested using the 45 o angle flame, the ignited fabrics self-extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing embers upon self-extinguishing. All untreated cotton fabrics showed limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of about 18 % oxygen in nitrogen. For formulations with casein, urea and diammonium phosphate, LOI values of treated fabrics were 32.0-44.0 % oxygen in nitrogen when add-on values for the formulation were 9.71-23.5 wt%. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics, as well as, the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics. Keywords: Microwave, Cotton fabric, Flame retardant, Thermal degradation, Surface morphology
Casein is the major fraction of milk protein that is obtained as a co-product during the production of skim milk. Casein is a family of phosphoproteins with a micelle structure. The high concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen present make this material potentially useful for the preparation of flame retardant formative for cotton cellulosic materials [9,10]. Phosphorus-nitrogen containing urea-derivative compounds have been shown to better flame retardants than compounds containing either element alone. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is often used as a flame retardant chemical to yield semi-durable finishes for cotton [11,12]. It causes a drop in the temperature of combustion of the material, decreases the highest rates of weight loss during combustion and leads to the formation of large amounts of chars. In an effort to make flame retardant cotton fabrics, urea and DAP were used for phosphorus and nitrogen components because they are economically attractive and environmentally friendly compounds. As a non-durable or semi-durable flame retardant, DAP is broadly used for infrequently washed or disposable products [13]. It has been suggested that DAP is the most effective among non-durable and durable flame retardants in delivering flam
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