Flexible Optical Interconnects via Thiol-ene Two-photon-induced Polymerization
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Flexible Optical Interconnects via Thiol-ene Two-photon-induced Polymerization Josef Kumpfmueller1, Klaus Stadlmann2, Zhiquan Li1, Valentin Satzinger3, Juergen Stampfl2 and Robert Liska1 1 Institute for Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Lehargasse 2-6, A-1060-Vienna, Austria 2 Institute of Material Science and Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Favoritenstrasse 9-11, A-1040-Vienna, Austria 3 MATERIALS-Institute for Surface Technology and Photonics, Joanneum Research, Franz-Pichler-Strasse 30, A-8160-Weiz, Austria ABSTRACT Two-photon polymerization (2PP) is an emerging tool in the field of additive manufacturing technologies, which allows for the elegant 3D lithographic production by means of photosensitive resins. One key advantage of 2PP is the achievable feature resolution. A few tens of nanometers are currently the resolution limit for this novel technique. Fields of applications are as diverse as photonics, microfluidics and biomedicine. A challenging photonics application for 2PP are optical interconnects, where optical elements on printed circuit boards are connected with waveguides. The possibility for real 3D structuring allows for easier positioning of the cured structures and straightforward processing outperforming techniques such as 2D lithography or reactive ion etching in this regard. If mechanical flexibility of the printed circuit board is required as a property for certain niche applications, polysiloxanes are an interesting class of matrix material. This is also due to their low optical damping behavior and high temperature stability as the material has to withstand temperatures around 250°C during the manufacturing process. In this work, we present our latest approach to create polysiloxane-based waveguides via 2PP of specially tailored thiol-ene formulations. Latest improvements on the ease of processing and the local refractive index increase are shown as well as the proof of principle for waveguiding. Optical waveguides were successfully created via 2PP with writing speeds around 10 mm/min. INTRODUCTION Optical data storage, microfluidics and biomedical applications have one thing in common: All of them are subject of intensive research in the field of 2PP. This promising real 3D lithography technique allows for astonishing feature sizes down to a range of a few tens of nanometers. Two-photon-absorption light originating from a femtosecond laser enables photopolymerization exclusively in small volumes in the bulk of photoreactive resins meaning a great deal of flexibility compared to techniques as for example microstereolithography. Another field of potential industrial application are printed circuit boards, where it is rather challenging to link optical elements by means of waveguides, which are based on local refractive index increases ∆n/n greater than 0.01. In the past, e. g. reactive ion etching and hot embossing have been employed,1 but in recent days quite a few materials were developed and used for 2PP-borne waveguides. These range from Organic Modified Ceramics (ORMOCER)2 and oth
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