Flexible Wearable Pre-fractal Antennas for Personal High-Temperature Monitoring
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Flexible Wearable Pre‑fractal Antennas for Personal High‑Temperature Monitoring Paulo F. Silva Junior1 · Ewaldo E. C. Santana1 · Mauro S. S. Pinto1 · Raimundo C. S. Freire2 · Maciel A. Oliveira2 · Glauco Fontgalland2 · Paulo H. F. Silva3
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This paper proposed a new flexible and wearable antennas design based on teragon prefractal geometry until the third level, for monitoring high-temperature in humans for wireless body area network operating band. The antennas were built in polyamide laminate dielectric material, which has suitable thermal and mechanical resistance characteristics for application in wearable antennas. The antenna’s structure was generated by teragon prefractal geometry using a MATLAB code and simulated with commercial software ANSYS. The application of teragon geometry allows controlling the resonance frequencies and radiation characteristics in comparison to simple square geometry. Teragon level 3 has provided maximum resonance frequency reduction, about 142.4%. In comparison of simulated and measured results on-body we noted that variation of resonance frequency is directly proportional to the fractal level, with the increase of fractal level there is greater variation in the difference between the simulated and measured resonance frequency, close results of gain, and higher simulated SAR value of 0.0653 mW/kg (K = 2), being within standard indicated by international institutions such as FCC and IEEE. Keywords Wearable antennas · Flexible antennas · Polyamide laminate · Teragon prefractal geometry · Wireless body area network (WBAN) Abbreviations WBAN Wireless body area network SAR Specific absorption rate RF Radio frequency Paulo F. Silva Junior and Maciel A. Oliveira have been contributed equally to this work. * Paulo F. Silva Junior [email protected] 1
Post‑graduation Program in Computer Engineering and Systems (PECS), State University of Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís, MA CEP: 65055‑970, Brazil
2
Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Campina Grande, PB CEP: 58429‑140, Brazil
3
Group of Telecommunications and Applied Electromagnetism, Federal Institute of Paraiba (IFPB), Av. Primeiro de Maio, 720, Jaguaribe, João Pessoa, PB CEP: 58015‑905, Brazil
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1 Introduction Wearable antennas are suitable for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The WBAN can be seen as a network of sensors located inside and outside of the human body, for medical and non-medical monitoring, and ruled under several protocols such as IEEE 802.15.6-2012 [1, 2]. Some important requirements to design such antennas are minimum destructive coupling between antenna and body, low visual impact, preferably low cost, and flexible structure [3]. Moreover, the materials used in the construction of the antennas (conductive and dielectric) must at least to have the mentioned characteristics. Polyamide laminate is a flexible material with thermal a
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