Flow patterns analysis of conventional versus eutectic liquid solvent in different circular small channel diameters
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Flow patterns analysis of conventional versus eutectic liquid solvent in different circular small channel diameters Marwah Al‑Azzawi1 · Farouq S. Mjalli1 · Talal Al‑Wahaibi1 · Abdulaziz Al‑Hashmi1 · Basim Abu‑Jdayil2 Received: 23 June 2020 / Accepted: 29 August 2020 © Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences 2020
Abstract The move towards processes in small and micro devices has been increased recently due to the enhanced heat and mass rate of these devices. One particular area of application is liquid–liquid extraction. The efficiency of the solvent extraction as a result of two-phase flow in an intensified channel highly depends on the flow patterns. In this work, the hydrodynamics of conventional polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG200) and simulated diesel have been investigated intensively by varying several parameters such as junction shape and diameter, channel diameter, and channel saturation. To study the effect of solvent properties, experiments were carried out by changing the polyethylene glycol to a eutectic solvent (DES) through adding a specific amount of tetra butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) to the PEG200. The main observed patterns were the drop, plug, various states of annular flow, and irregular flow. Those patterns were highly influenced by the channel diameter. Using DES as a liquid solvent resulted in the development of a different form of plug flow known as plug dispersed. The measured pressure drop was found to raise with rising solvent velocity, solvent viscosity, and decreasing channel diameter. This work gives a clear understanding about the behavior of different solvents to achieve efficient sulfur reduction from liquid fuel in a small scale. Keywords Micro-channel · Liquid–liquid · Flow patterns · Pressure drop · PEG200 · DES Abbreviations ID Internal diameter of the channel mm Dh Hydraulic diameter L Channel length mm U Velocity, m/s Q Volumetric flowrate, m3/s A Cross-sectional area, m2 ΔP Pressure drop, kPa Re Reynolds number We Weber’s number Ca Capillary number wt % Weight percent Greek symbols µ Dynamic viscosity, Pa.s ρ Density, kg/m3 * Farouq S. Mjalli [email protected] 1
Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Muscat, Oman
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
2
Ƴ Interfacial tension, N/m ε Volume fraction Subscripts Mix Mixture PEG200 Polyethylene glycol 200 DES Deep eutectic solvent TBAB Tetra-N-butylammonium bromide F Fuel S Solvent
Introduction In the last three decades, micro-technology has found crucial applications in the fields of chemistry, chemical engineering, bioengineering, and medical science (Sun et al. 2016). Micro and mini-fluidics have attracted attention as alternative technologies of process intensification (PI). It deals with devices’ sizes between sub-microns to few millimeters (Su et al. 2010). The small size of these flow mediums offers several advantages over con
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