Deep eutectic solvent-based ligandless ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase microextraction for extraction of cobalt ions fr
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Deep eutectic solvent‑based ligandless ultrasound‑assisted liquid‑phase microextraction for extraction of cobalt ions from food samples prior to spectrophotometric determination Akram Torabi1 · Mahboube Shirani2 · Abolfazl Semnani1 · Ali Akbari2 Received: 7 May 2020 / Accepted: 29 September 2020 © Iranian Chemical Society 2020
Abstract An innovative environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent-based ligandless ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase microextraction was introduced for spectrophotometric determination of trace amount of cobalt. n-phenyliminodiacetic acid: choline chloride (2:1 mol ratio) as a novel DES was prepared for extraction of cobalt ions which is both as chelating agent and extraction solvent. The pivotal factors affecting the proposed method including pH, time, temperature, extraction solvent volume, ionic strength, and sample volume were investigated. At optimum conditions, limit of detection and limit of quantification of 5.23 µg L−1 and 17.67 µg L−1 were achieved respectively. The linear range of 20–200 µg L−1 and precision (relative standard deviation %) of 3.4 for 100 µg L−1 Co+2 solution were gained. The proposed method was successfully applied in water samples, tomato sauce, black and green tea, and dark chocolate with high recovery values (%) of 94–105. Keywords Deep eutectic solvent · Liquid-phase microextraction · Ultrasound assisted · Ligandless · Cobalt Abbreviations DES-LL-USA-LPME Deep eutectic solvent-based ligandless ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase microextraction LOD Limit of detection LOQ Limit of quantification SPE Solid phase extraction HBD Hydrogen bond donor
Introduction The existence of metal ions at trace/ultra trace levels can be either essential or harmful to body mechanism and metabolism [1]. Cobalt has crucial role in chemical processes of all living beings. Cobalt is the main part of vitamin B12 * Mahboube Shirani [email protected] * Abolfazl Semnani [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box 115, Shahrekord, Iran
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jiroft, P. O. Box 7867161167, Jiroft, Iran
2
and has a remarkable function in synthesis of hemoglobin and iron metabolism. The daily intake of 50–200 µg is recommended for cobalt [2]. Excess amount of cobalt in body results in dermatitis, cardiovascular disease, asthma, rhinitis, poisoning, prevention of the DNA repair process, and respiratory problems [3, 4]. Therefore, application of a potent analytical method for separation and determination of trace amount of cobalt is essential. Conventional extraction methods including solid phase extraction (SPE) [3, 5], liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) [6], and cloud point extraction (CPE) [7], have been reported for determination of trace amount of cobalt in food and environmental samples. However, these methods suffer from long extraction time, usage of large amounts of toxic solvents, and inappropriate enrichment factor, Therefore, miniaturized extraction te
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