Deep eutectic solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatogra
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RESEARCH PAPER
Deep eutectic solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol in edible oils Qilong Xie 1 & Ming Xia 1 & Dekui Sun 1 & Jiangping Cao 2 & Yong Xiao 1 & Mingui Lin 1 & Bo Hou 1 & Litao Jia 1 & Debao Li 1 Received: 9 August 2020 / Revised: 14 October 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract For simultaneous analysis of four fat-soluble tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-) in edible oils, an efficient and green method using deep eutectic solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction (DES-LPME) coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was developed. The DESs formed by different quaternary ammonium salts and ethanol were used as the extractants. Tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC)-ethanol DES at a molar ratio of 1:2 achieved the best extraction efficiency. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits were in the range of 2.1–3.0 ng mL−1. The intra-day and interday repeatability were in the ranges of 3.9–5.3% and 4.8–7.1%, respectively, and the recoveries for the real samples varied from 80.7% to 105.4%. The developed method was successfully employed for the determination of all four tocopherol homologues with an RP-HPLC system containing a COSMOSIL π-NAP column in five edible oils collected locally. Keywords Deep eutectic solvent . Liquid-phase microextraction . Tocopherols . Edible oils
Introduction Tocopherol, terminologically called vitamin E, is an effective fat-soluble antioxidant which plays a vital role in protecting cell membranes, improving blood circulation, and treating various diseases [1]. Tocopherols are mainly a group of four natural α-, β-, γ-, and δ-homologues. It is reported that edible oils are major sources of tocopherols in daily diet [2]. They Qilong Xie and Ming Xia contributed equally to this work. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-02003029-1. * Litao Jia [email protected] * Debao Li [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
2
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, Ninxia, China
have high nutritional value and help to prevent oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids [3, 4]. Therefore, quantitative and precise determination of tocopherol content in various edible oils is significant for food and health care industries. In recent decades, various analytical techniques have been utilized for the determination of tocopherols in edible oils, including gas chromatography (GC) [3], normal-phase (NP) or reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet (UV) detection [5], diode array detection (DAD) [4, 6], fluorescence detection (FLD) [7, 8], and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [9]. Normalphase high-perf
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