Foliar and flowering phenology of three rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ) clones in the eastern plains of Colombia
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BIOCHEMISTRY & PHYSIOLOGY - ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Foliar and flowering phenology of three rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) clones in the eastern plains of Colombia Albert Julesmar Gutiérrez‑Vanegas1 · Diana Elisa Correa‑Pinilla1 · Juan Pablo Gil‑Restrepo2 · Ferney Giovanny López‑Hernández1 · Juan José Guerra‑Hincapié2 · Oscar de Jesús Córdoba‑Gaona3 Received: 26 March 2019 / Revised: 22 June 2020 / Accepted: 31 July 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Annual defoliation and refoliation cycles that occur in rubber trees after 5 years of age have a strong interaction with foliar diseases attacks. The rubber phenology was studied in the eastern plains of Colombia, in the municipality of Puerto López, department of Meta, where variables such as foliar density, percentage of leaves in stages A, B, C and D and flowering density were evaluated in clones IAN 873, FX 3864 and RRIM 600, between August 2016 and September 2018. All three clones showed a foliar density higher than 80% with leaves in stage D, between March and December (weeks 12–50 of the year). The defoliation started in the last weeks of the year, with the beginning of the dry season. The refoliation extended until mid-March (week 11) in 2017, and until February (week 6) in 2018. The presence of leaves in stages A, B and C during 8–13 weeks was observed at the plantation level, according to the clone and the evaluation year. The duration of the refoliation per tree was on average 6.73 ± 0.22 weeks in 2017 and 4.42 ± 0.39 weeks in 2018. Flowering coincided with refoliation, during a period of negative water balance and high solar radiation. Expansion of inflorescences was observed in the first weeks of the year between January and March, with the absence of reproductive development when the crop was dominated by leaves in stage D. Keywords Defoliation · Insolation · Refoliation
1 Introduction * Juan Pablo Gil‑Restrepo [email protected] Albert Julesmar Gutiérrez‑Vanegas [email protected] Diana Elisa Correa‑Pinilla [email protected] Ferney Giovanny López‑Hernández [email protected] Juan José Guerra‑Hincapié [email protected] Oscar de Jesús Córdoba‑Gaona [email protected] 1
Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Kilometro 17 vía Puerto López, Villavicencio, Colombia
2
Centro de Investigación El Nus, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, San Roque, Colombia
3
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis [Willd. ex A. Juss.] Müll. Arg.) is a perennial plant native to the equatorial basin of the Amazon River (Schultes 1970; Zhai et al. 2017). Of the 11.27 million tons of rubber produced annually worldwide, 92% is produced in southeastern Asia, 6% in Africa and 2% in Latin America (Priyadarshan 2017). Colombia, with low participation in the world market, recorded a total of 52,222 hectares established with rubber tree for 2015, of which only 3178 ha have reached t
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