Food loss and food waste recovery as animal feed: a systematic review
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REVIEW
Food loss and food waste recovery as animal feed: a systematic review Caroline Rajeh1 · Imad P. Saoud2 · Samer Kharroubi1 · Salpy Naalbandian3 · Mohamad G. Abiad1 Received: 11 December 2019 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract While society struggles to meet increasing food demand and mitigate food security challenges, approximately one-third of the food produced globally is lost or wasted every year. Using food wastes as animal feed offers a solution that simultaneously addresses waste management and food security challenges while reducing the pressure to grow conventional feed, both a resource and environmental burden. The present systematic review examines the available literature discussing the feasibility of incorporating food waste in feeds for fish, swine, poultry, rabbits, and ruminants while also assessing related safety and logistical concerns. Results suggest that various types of food losses and wastes are generally nutritious and can be converted into safe feeds by modern technologies and can be incorporated into animal diets. Animal growth performance in response to various food loss and/or waste substitution rates depends on tested feed sources, animal species, age, and length of the feeding trials. Overall, animals fed with waste-based feeds had comparable feed conversion ratios to those grown using conventional feeds. However, research should focus more on characterizing nutrient variability of food losses and wastes and developing efficient and timely waste collection and transport procedures. The present review concludes that partial incorporation of food waste into animal feed is a viable solution to mitigate food wastage without compromising animal growth or health.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01102-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Mohamad G. Abiad [email protected] 1
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, PO Box 11‑0236, Beirut 1107‑2020, Lebanon
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, PO Box 11‑0236, Beirut 1107‑2020, Lebanon
3
University Libraries, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, PO Box 11‑0236, Beirut 1107‑2020, Lebanon
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management
Graphical abstract
Keywords Food loss · Food waste · Waste recovery · Animal feed · Systematic review
Introduction Along food supply chains, food moves from a primary producer to an end consumer progressing from harvesting, production, handling, processing, distribution and retailing to plate. During this progression, food is lost or wasted as a result of various technical, economic and/or societal reasons specific to each stage of the supply chain. Defining “food loss” and “food waste” has been a subject of debate among experts in the fiel
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