Foundations in Grammatical Evolution for Dynamic Environments
Dynamic environments abound, encompassing many real-world problems in fields as diverse as finance, engineering, biology and business. A vibrant research literature has emerged which takes inspiration from evolutionary processes to develop problem-solvers
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Definition A ratio of the physical radiation doses required to produce a given endpoint such as the percentage of cell killing between hypoxic conditions and normoxic conditions. This is LETdependent and for low LET radiation is in the range of 2.5–3.0 compared with 1.5–2.0 for fast neutrons.
Cross-References ▶ Neutron Radiotherapy
Oligodendrogliomas ▶ Spinal Canal Tumor
Omentum FILIP T. TROICKI1, JAGANMOHAN POLI2 1 College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Definition Large layer of fatty tissue connected to the stomach and the intestines.
Cross-References ▶ Colon Cancer ▶ Ovarian Cancer ▶ Stomach Cancer
Oligoastrocytoma ▶ Primary Intracranial Neoplasms
Oncogene ▶ Proto-oncogene
Oligodendroglioma ▶ Primary Intracranial Neoplasms
Oncotype DX ▶ Microarray Analysis
L.W. Brady, T.E. Yaeger (eds.), Encyclopedia of Radiation Oncology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-85516-3, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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Oophorectomy
Oophorectomy CHRISTIN A. KNOWLTON1, MICHELLE KOLTON MACKAY2 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI, USA
Definition The surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries. This procedure can be done alone but is most frequently performed with a hysterectomy and salpingectomy in cases of ovarian cancer. Because the ovaries produce the majority of the body’s hormones including estrogen, removal of the ovaries is linked to development of menopausal signs and symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, depression, heart disease, osteoporosis, and decreased libido.
Cross-References ▶ Ovary
Opportunistic Infections HEDVIG HRICAK1, OGUZ AKIN2, HEBERT ALBERTO VARGAS2 1 Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA 2 Body MRI, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
however, presents an “opportunity” for the pathogen to infect.
Cross-References ▶ AIDS ▶ Chemotherapy ▶ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) ▶ Imaging in Oncology
Orchiectomy JOHANNES CLASSEN Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Vincentius-Kliniken Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
Definition Surgical removal of the testis.
Cross-References ▶ Prostate ▶ Testes
ORN THEODORE E. YAEGER Department Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Definition Bone necrosis resulting from exposure to high dose radiation.
Definition Infections caused by pathogens (bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoan) that usually do not cause disease in a healthy host, that is, one with a healthy immune system. A compromised immune system,
Cross-References ▶ Osteoradionecrosis (also ORN or Osteonecrosis) ▶ Sarcoma ▶ Sarcomas of the Head and Neck
Oro-Hypopharynx
Oro-Hypopharynx VOLKER BUDACH, CARMEN STROMBERGER Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Charite´ - University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Description Nonsurgical trea
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