Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating: The Measurement of Ultrashort Laser Pulses
The Frequency-Resolved Optical-Gating (FROG) technique has revolutionized our ability to measure and understand ultrashort laser pulses. This book contains everything you need to know to measure even the shortest, weakest, or most complex ultrashort laser
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Optical Gating:
The Measurement of Ultrashort Laser Pulses
If you haven't measured it, you haven't made it. Wayne Knox
Frequency-Resolved
Optical
Gating:
The Measurement of Ultrashort Laser Pulses
Rick Trebino GeorgiaInstitute of Technology School of Physics Atlanta, GA 30332 rick. [email protected]. edu
*
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA , LL C
Trebino, R. Frequency-resolved optical gating : the measurement of ultrashort laser pulses / Rick Trebino. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-5432-1 ISBN 978-1-4615-1181-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1181-6 1. Laser pulses, Ultrashort-Measurement. I.Title: Measurement of ultrashort laser pulses. II. Title. QC689.5.L37T74 2002 621.36'6-dc21
2002021855
Copyright © 2000 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, L L C .
Printed on acid-free paper.
To Linda Leigh, whose love and enthusiasm made this work-and everything else-possible.
Contents Authors and Contributors
O. Read Me! (Preface)
ix Xlll
1. The Dilemma Rick Trebino
2. Ultrashort Laser Pulses
11
Rick Trebino and Erik Zeek
3. Nonlinear Optics
37
Rick Trebino and John Buck
4. The Autocorrelation, the Spectrum, and Phase Retrieval
61
Rick Trebino and Erik Zeek
5. FROG
101
Rick Trebino
6. FROG Beam Geometries
117
Rick Trebino
7. Geometrical Issues: Single-shot FROG
141
Rick Trebino
8. The FROG Algorithm Marco A. Krumbuegel and Rick Trebino
157
9. Noise: Its Effects and Suppression
179
David N. Fittinghoff and Michael Munroe
10. Practical Issues, Marginals, Error Checks, and Error Correction
203
Greg Taft and Ken DeLong
11. Improvisation in FROG
219
Rick Trebino
12. Very Simple FROG Apparatus: GRENOUILLE
229
Rick Trebino, Patrick O'Shea, Mark Kimmel, and Xun Gu
13. Ultraviolet and High-Power Pulse Measurement Sterling Backus and Charles Durfee
237
Contents
Vlll
14. FROG in the Single-Cycle Regime Andrius Baltuska, Maxim S. Pshenichnikov, and Douwe A.
257
Wiersma
15. FROG Characterization of Complex Pulses
305
John M. Dudley
16. XFROG-Cross-correlation Frequency-resolved Optical Gating
313
Stefan Linden, Jiirgen Kuhl, and Harald Giessen
17. Measuring Extremely Complex Pulses
323
Rick Trebino, Xun Gu, Erik Zeek, and Mark Kimmel
18. Non-instantaneous Nonlinearities
331
Rick Trebino
19. Fiber-FROG
337
John M. Dudley, John D. Harvey and Mark D. Thomson
20. Blind FROG
345
Rick Trebino
21. Principal Component Generalized Projections FROG Algorithm
357
Daniel J. Kane
22. Measuring Ultraweak: Pulses: TADPOLE
367
David N. Fittinghoff
23. Measuring Ultrafast Polarization Dynamics: POLLIWOG
375
Arthur L. Smirl
24. Multi-
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