From BioMEMS to Bionanotechnology: Integrated BioChips for the Detection of Cells and Microorganisms
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From BioMEMS to Bionanotechnology: Integrated BioChips for the Detection of Cells and Microorganisms*^ R. Bashir1,2, #, D. Akin1, R. Gómez1, H. Li1, W-J. Chang1, A. Gupta1 1 School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN. 47907 Abstract- This paper reviews the interdisciplinary work performed in our group in recent years to develop micro-integrated devices to characterize biological entities. We present the use of electrical and mechanically based phenomena to perform characterization and various functions needed for integrated biochips. One sub-system takes advantage of the dielectrophoretic effect to sort and concentrate cells within a micro-fluidic biochip. Another sub-system measures impedance changes produced by the metabolic activity of cells to determine their viability. A third sub-system is used to detect the mass of bacteria as they bind to micro-mechanical silicon cantilevers. These devices with an electronic signal output can be very useful in producing practical systems for rapid detection and characterization of cells for a wide variety of applications in the food safety and health diagnostics industries.
Cell detection
Cell growth and amplification
Fluidic port
Cell concentration and sorting
I. INTRODUCTION The ability to fabricate micro and nano-structures with scales and dimensions similar to biological entities has paved the way to new concepts and systems for a variety of cellular diagnostic and therapeutic applications, such as intelligent biochips and biosensors [1,2]. One area of research that has become increasingly important is the handling, manipulation, and characterization of single cells and microorganisms using biomedical micro-electro-mechanical-systems technology (BioMEMS). The goal of such an effort should be to handle, detect, and characterize a single cell or microorganism, and micro-devices are ideally suited for such studies. In addition, reducing the time-to-result to be able to perform ‘point-of-use’ analysis is also necessary, and detection of single cells is vital to achieving this goal. Such endeavors can not only yield very important scientific results but can also be used immediately in practical diagnostic applications in the health and food industry, and in biological and chemical hazard prevention systems. This paper will present an overview of our work on components and sub-systems of an integrated biochip for detection and characterization of cells and microorganisms. As shown in figure 1, such a system should be able to perform all functions needed for rapid detection such as cell sorting, cell concentration, and cell detection. The cell detection module can actually include many functions such as cell lysing, DNA or protein detection, or whole cell detection using an antibody-based immunoassay approach.
Figure 1: The functions needed in an integrated biochip for rapid cell detection II. CELL CONCENTRATION USING DIELECTROPHORESIS ON A CHIP
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