From Microphysics to Macrophysics Methods and Applications of Statis
This text not only provides a thorough introduction to statistical physics and thermodynamics but also exhibits the universality of the chain of ideas that leads from the laws of microphysics to the macroscopic behaviour of matter. A wide range of applica
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Editorial Board W. Beiglböck, Institute of Applied Mathematics, University of Heidelberg, Germany J.-P. Eckmann, Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Switzerland H. Grosse, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Vienna, Austria M. Loss, School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA S. Smirnov, Mathematics Section, University of Geneva, Switzerland L. Takhtajan, Department of Mathematics, Stony Brook University, NY, USA J. Yngvason, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Vienna, Austria
Roger Balian
From Microphysics to Macrophysics Methods and Applications of Statistical Physics Volume II Translated by D. ter Haar With 90 Figures
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Roger Balian CEA, Direction des Sciences de la Matière, Service de Physique Théorique de Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Ecole Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
Translator: Dirk ter Haar P.O. Box 10, Petworth, West Sussex, GU28 0RY, England
Title of the original French edition: Du microscopique au macroscopique, Cours de l’Ecole Polytechnique c 1982 Edition Marketing S.à.r.l., Paris; published by Ellipses
2nd Printing of the Hardcover Edition with ISBN 3-540-53599-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933534 ISBN-10 3-540-45478-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-45478-6 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991, 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Data conversion by Springer-Verlag Cover design: eStudio Calamar, Girona, Spain Production: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig Printed on acid-free paper
SPIN: 11870883
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Preface
Although it has changed considerably in both coverage and length, this book originated from lecture courses at the Ecole Polytechnique. It is useful to remind non-Prench readers of the special place this institution occupies in our education system, as it has few features in common with institutes with a similar name in other parts of the world. In fact, its programme corresponds to the intermediate years at a university, while the level of the students is particularly high owing to their strict se
