Functional diversity of RING E3 ligases of major cereal crops in response to abiotic stresses
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J. Crop Sci. Biotech. 2017 (December) 20 (5) : 351 ~ 357 DOI No. 10.1007/s12892-017-0104-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE
Functional Diversity of RING E3 Ligases of Major Cereal Crops in Response to Abiotic Stresses Sandeep Chapagain, Yong Chan Park, Cheol Seong Jang* 1
Plant Genomics Laboratory, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
Received: August 14, 2017 / Revised: October 24, 2017 / Accepted: November 20, 2017 Ⓒ Korean Society of Crop Science and Springer 2017
Abstract Abiotic stresses significantly reduce the grain yield and productivity of cereal crops, especially rice, and this may affect food security in the future. Different abiotic stress adaptation pathways have been investigated and depicted in plants. Among these, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been studied as a key mechanism to understand the protein regulation pathways that enhance the adaptation and survival of plants under various environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, cold, and toxic metalloid exposure. RING E3 ligases constitute a highly diverse and important enzyme group that acts within the 26S UPS, and it also plays a crucial role as a central regulator of plant physiological and cellular processes. This review aimed to highlight recent findings and discoveries regarding the different stress-induced RING E3 ligase genes of major cereal crops and their functions via ubiquitination pathways under different environmental stress conditions. Such genes regulate different physiological responses including protein stabilization, cell membrane integrity, regulation of stomatal opening, and the maintenance of meristematic cells, and they also regulate reactive oxygen species and heavy metal levels via ubiquitination in plants. Hence, the ubiquitination process is considered a potential target for the development of abiotic stress-tolerant crops, and it might be used as an excellent mechanism for stress-tolerant crop improvement programs. Key words : Abiotic stress, cereal crop, RING E3 ligase, ubiquitination, 26S proteasome
Introduction Abiotic stresses such as extreme temperatures (frost, cold, and heat), flooding or water logging, drought (water deficit), salinity, and metal and metalloid toxicity adversely impact crop germination, growth, development, and seed quality (Shahbaz and Ashraf 2013). It is estimated that abiotic stresses lead to an average yield loss of up to 60% for most major crop plants (Bray et al. 2000). Furthermore, worldwide food production needs to be doubled by the year 2050 to meet the demands of the growing population. Therefore, development of new stress-tolerant crop varieties could be one of the best ways to ensure food security and safety for many years to come. To survive under various stress conditions, plants have evolved complex mechanisms to perceive external signals and respond to changing environmental conditions. These mechanisms include stress perception, signal transduction, transcriptional activation of stress responsive target genes, Cheol Seong
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