Fungal Associations
This new edition of Fungal Associations focuses on mycorrhizas, lichens and fungal-bacterial symbioses. It has been completely revised, updated and expanded. Renowned experts present thorough reviews and discuss the most recent findings on molecular inter
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Basidiolichens
F. OBERWINKLER1
CONTENTS I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. Morphology of the Lichen Thalli . . . . . . . . . . . III. Associations of Mycobionts and Photobionts and Ultrastructure of Fungus–Alga Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Multiclavula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Marchandiomphalina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Athelia, Athelopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Lepidostroma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. Cora, Dictyonema, Acantholichen. . . . . . . . F. Cyphellostereum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. Lichenomphalia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. Semiomphalina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Marasmiellus affixus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Photobionts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI. Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII. Phytochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII. Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX. Dispersal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X. Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI. Culture Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII. Phylogenetic Systematics and Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Origin and Evolution of Thalli. . . . . . . . . . . B. Evolution of Basidiocarps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Cantharellales and Clavulinaceae . . . . . 2. Corticiales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Atheliales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Lepidostromataceae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Hygrophoraceae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII. Comparison with Ascolichens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Introduction 341 342
345 347 347 348 349 349 350 351 352 353 353 353 354 355 355 355 356 356 357 357 357 357 357 358 358 358 359 359 359
Manuscript submitted in August 2011. 1 Lehrstuhl Organismische Botanik, Universita¨t Tu¨bingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tu¨bingen, Germany; e-mail: franz. [email protected]
This is an updated version of my previous review on basidiolichens (Oberwinkler 2001). Originally the basidiolichens were considered to be exclusively tropical lichens, best represented by the genera Cora and Dictyonema. In his monograph of Clavaria and allied genera, Corner (1950) treated several phycophilous clavarioid fungi from temperate zon
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