Fungal Nanoparticles: An Emerging Tool in Medical Biology
Nanotechnology deals with production of useful materials and devices at nanoscale level. At nanoscalar dimension the particles demonstrate entirely newer properties based on “quantum effects” and physical effects like enhanced surface area. Due to the wid
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Fungal Nanoparticles: An Emerging Tool in Medical Biology Anurag Yadav, Amit Verma, and Kusum Yadav
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Introduction
The word “nano” of nanotechnology is derived from the Greek word-meaning dwarf. The term “nanotechnology” (NT) evolved during 1980s and gained impetus from various fields of research. It has been noticed that bulk materials when fragmented into nanoparticles (NPs) change their properties. This vary change of nature can be exploited to alter cellular processes at nano-scale level. Various cellular processes which operate at miniscule levels in the body are governed by immune recognition. The NT deals with the synthesis of nano-scale (∼10−9 m) materials, which can be put to different applications. Presently nanomaterials are synthesized through physical and chemical methods, which involve lithography, aerosolization, UV irradiation, laser ablation, ultrasonic fields, photochemical method etc. Nanomaterial production through these methods is costlier and involves hazardous chemicals which limits their commercial production (Makarov et al. 2014). The recent advances in biological science are replacing the environment unfriendly conventional methods of nanomaterial development with newer technologies. The biological synthesis of nanomaterials, which is popularly known as “Nanobiotechnology”, holds the future of nanotechnology due to its low production
A. Yadav (*) Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat, India e-mail: [email protected] A. Verma Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Science and Humanities, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat, India K. Yadav Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 R. Prasad (ed.), Advances and Applications Through Fungal Nanobiotechnology, Fungal Biology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42990-8_10
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Table 10.1 Comparison of different methods of nanoparticle synthesis Parameters Protocol ease
Achievement of desired dimensions Large scale production Ecofriendly nature Cost effectiveness Examples
Physical methods Hectic protocols, with lot of energy inputs Achievable
Chemical methods Hectic protocols, with lot of energy and chemical inputs Achievable
Biological methods Easy and simple protocols
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No Lithography, attrition, pyrolysis etc.
No Microwave method, chemical reduction, electrochemical methods etc.
Yes Use of biological systems as “Nanofactories” viz. bacteria, fungi, algae, plants etc.
Requires further research
cost and less hazardous nature (Prasad 2014; Prasad et al. 2014, 2015). The comparison of various nanomaterial synthesis methods are shown in Table 10.1. On global scale nanobiotechnology based methods are gaining momentum for harnessing the “metal-microorganism” mediated nanomaterial production. The biological synthesis of NPs has face-lifted the nanotechnology as a “Green Technology” w
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