Further Development of Testing Procedures for High Temperature Surface Tension Measurements
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JMEPEG DOI: 10.1007/s11665-013-0624-x
Further Development of Testing Procedures for High Temperature Surface Tension Measurements Enrica Ricci, Donatella Giuranno, and Natalia Sobczak (Submitted May 19, 2013; in revised form June 4, 2013)
A new testing procedure combining in one test two methods for surface tension measurements of liquid metals [the pendant drop (PD) and the sessile drop] and carried out in the same device is discussed. The attention is focused on methodological aspects of the PD method due to the novelty of its application for high temperature metallic systems. It has been claimed that under the conditions applied in the present study, this method can be considered as a quasi-containerless one. Surface tension measurements of pure Cu, Ni, Al, and Fe performed using the new procedure are described. To confirm the validity of this procedure, the experimental results are discussed in the framework of the available literature data, particularly those obtained by the containerless methods.
Keywords
liquid metals, pendant/sessile drop combined method, surface tension
1. Introduction For high melting point metals containing reactive elements, the possibilities to measure surface tension are very limited. The most commonly used methods are the support-assisted or container-assisted ones, namely the sessile drop (SD) method and a variant of it, the large drop (LD) method (Ref 1) (Fig. 1a and b, respectively). However, the high melting temperature and the chemical reactivity, featured by the majority of metal systems for high-tech applications, increase the experimental difficulties of these ground-based techniques, thus lowering the measurementsÕ accuracy. The inaccuracy can be caused by numerous sources of errors such as those due to the determination of the liquid metal density and the presence of impurities coming from the container or from the environment. To overcome these problems, the proper selection of the container material is a critical stage, often performed after a preliminary study of its wetting and reactivity in contact with high melting point metals (Ref 2-4). Therefore, only a few methods are really suitable for accurate measurements of the thermophysical properties at high temperatures using non-contact techniques. One of them is certainly the containerless electromagnetic levitation-oscillating drop (EML-OD) method (Ref 5). Recently, a new quasi-containerless procedure has been proposed to measure the surface tension of very high melting metallic systems (Ref 6, 7). The procedure combines in one test two methods: the pendant drop (PD) and the SD. The combined Enrica Ricci and Donatella Giuranno, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lÕEnergetica e le Interfasi (CNR-IENI), Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy; and Natalia Sobczak, Center for High Temperature Studies, Foundry Research Institute, 73 Zakopianska Street, 30-418 Krako´w, Poland. Contact e-mail: natalia.sobczak@ iod.krakow.pl.
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
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