Fused Deposition Modeling of Poly (lactic acid)/Nutshells Composite Filaments: Effect of Alkali Treatment
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Fused Deposition Modeling of Poly (lactic acid)/Nutshells Composite Filaments: Effect of Alkali Treatment Xiaohui Song1,2 · Wei He1 · Xingguo Han2 · Huadong Qin2
© The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In this work, four kinds of nutshells (including walnut, almond, macadamia and wild almond shell powder (WSP, ASP, MSP and WASP) were composed with poly (lactic acid) (PLA). Fused deposition modeling technology was used to prepare the PLA/nutshell composite filaments. Nutshells were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy regardless of the treatment with alkali. The composites were characterized by using: differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravametric, scanning electron microscopy. Meanwhile, the water-resistance and tensile properties were examined. The results showed that the thermal stability, water-resistant ability and tensile properties of untreated composites got worse comparing with that of PLA, but were enhanced dramatically after NaOH treatment. PLA/treated WASP has the highest degradation temperature. The crystallization degree of PLA/treated MSP and PLA/treated WASP was improved, when compared with that of PLA. The tensile strengths of PLA/MSP-Na and PLA/WASP-Na were almost close to that of PLA. PLA/MSP composite was the most water-resistant regardless of surface treatment. Those results indicated that the four kinds of composites have a potential application to manufacture structural parts with lighter weight. Keywords Fused deposition modeling (FDM) · Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) · Nutshells · Alkali treatment
Introduction The ever-growing energy crisis and ecological risks call for biodegradable and sustainable materials. Meanwhile, more economical and light-weight polymer-matrix products request for cost-effective and low-density fillers [1]. Lignocellulose is the most abundantly available raw material on earth, and can be broadly classified into virgin biomass, waste biomass and energy crops. As one kind of biomass waste, the byproduct of nut is produced massively every year. Walnut, almond and macadamia are all very popular crops throughout the world due to their delicious nuts. According to a report from the United States Department * Wei He [email protected] 1
Present Address: College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non‑ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
College of Mechanical Engineering, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin, China
2
of Agriculture, even productions in Northern provinces of China decreased due to a heavy snowstorm in April. China’s walnut production was about 850,000 metric tons in the marketing year (MT) of 2018/2019, its shelled almond production was around 43,000 MT [2]. This report means that there would be around 50–60% nut waste, few of which were used as adsorbent [3, 4], most of them were threw away or composted. Many researchers have begun to explore a new utilization of nut wastes as fillers for polymers. Wiem et al. [5]
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