Gamma-irradiation synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 /rGO nanocomposites as lithium-ion battery anodes
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Gamma‑irradiation synthesis of Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposites as lithium‑ion battery anodes Ying Liang1 · Wangli Lu1 Received: 24 November 2019 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide ( Fe3O4/rGO) nanocomposites with different weight concentration of F e3O4 have been synthesized by a gamma-irradiation method. The iron(III) hydroxide and graphene oxide (GO) were reduced to Fe3O4 and rGO by the reducing species generated from the radiolysis of solvent. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were anchored on the rGO nanosheets. The electrochemical performances of the obtained materials were evaluated in coin-type cells. As Li-ion rechargeable battery anodes, the discharge/charge cycling stability of F e3O4/rGO composites is significantly improved in comparison with that of bare Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Among the studied composites, Fe3O4/rGO-2 (wt% of Fe3O4 ≈ 78.8%) shows the best cycling stability at a current density of 50 mA g−1. The discharge capacity of Fe3O4/rGO-2 remains 568.6 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. However, F e3O4/rGO-3 (wt% of F e3O4 ≈ 74.7%) exhibits an excellent cycling stability at a higher current density (500 mA g−1), that the sustained discharge capacity is 738.5 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles.
1 Introduction Transitional-metal oxides such as Fe3O4, Fe2O3, MnO2, NiO, and Co3O4 have been considered as potential candidates for Li-ion battery anodes due to their high theoretical capacity. Among them, Fe3O4 has attracted much attention not only because of its high theoretical capacity (922 mAh g−1), but also relating to its safety, high abundance, low cost, and environmental benignity [1–4]. However, large electrochemical polarization of Fe3O4 during lithiation/delithiation process causes the fast capacity fade. This defect inevitably hampers its practical use in Li-ion batteries [5]. Nanostructuring is generally considered to be an active way to enhance the electrochemical reaction dynamics of metal oxide materials by shortening the electrons and lithium-ion diffusion paths, while the nanosized materials always suffer from intrinsically prone to aggregation resulting in poor cycling performance [6–8]. To improve the cycling stability of Fe3O4 nanomaterials, combining it with graphene is recently deemed to be an effective strategy. Graphene possesses large specific surface area, good flexibility, * Ying Liang [email protected] 1
extraordinary electrical property, and chemical stability [9–12]. Graphene oxide (GO), a derivative of graphene, has aroused great interest as the original support for anode materials during the chemical synthesis. The rich chemical structure on the surface of GO makes it compatible with a variety of materials to form composites. In the process of recombination with other substances, GO can be partially reduced to form reduced graphene oxide (rGO). In addition to having a large specific surface area and flexibility, the good electrical conductivity of graphene is partially retained
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