Electrical and thermal stimuli responsive thermoplastic shape memory polymer composites containing rGO, Fe 3 O 4 and rGO
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Electrical and thermal stimuli responsive thermoplastic shape memory polymer composites containing rGO, Fe3O4 and rGO–Fe3O4 fillers G. Jerald Maria Antony1 · S. T. Aruna2 · Chetan S. Jarali1 · S. Raja1 Received: 18 May 2020 / Revised: 24 August 2020 / Accepted: 13 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This work addresses a facile and broadly applicable method of fabricating a new thermoplastic shape memory polymer (SMP) composite by blending three biopolymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol. Reduced Graphene (rGO) is used as electrical conductive fillers. Iron Oxide (Fe3O4) and rGO-Fe3O4 combination provides thermo-electric stimulus. Under the thermal stimulus, shape recovery rate of the SMP with hybrid fillers was faster, having quick response time (28 s) compared to electrical stimulus response time (75 s). The conductivity of the SMP matrices increased by 7, 10 and 15 orders of magnitude by incorporating F e3O4, rGO and rGO- F e3O4 fillers, respectively. Moreover, the proposed shape memory polymer containing rGO-Fe3O4 filler exhibits a higher Young’s modulus (> 80%) compared to neat polymer (1.75 GPa at room temperature and 0.6 GPa at glass transition temperature, Tg). A maximum stress of 2.5 MPa and 4% recoverable strain was achieved in the SMP with 10 and 15 wt% of hybrid fillers and interestingly no stored strain evolves, upon cooling below Tg. The developed SMP may be applied in morphing wing and other smart actuator applications. Keywords Reduced graphene oxide · Iron oxide · Thermal and electrical stimuli · Mechanical behaviour
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s0028 9-020-03427-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * S. Raja [email protected] 1
Structural Technological Division, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, HAL‑Airport Road, Kodihalli, Bangalore 560017, India
2
Surface Engineering Division, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, HAL‑Airport Road, Kodihalli, Bangalore 560017, India
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Polymer Bulletin
Introduction Shape memory polymer (SMP) systems are embedded with a variety of fillers such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Fe3O4, ferromagnetic particles, conductive fibres, graphene, hydroxyapatite, in order to enhance the mechanical properties, shape recovery response and increase biocompatibility properties. There has been an increasing interest in utilizing carbon and iron-oxide-based materials as fillers in SMP composites. Generally, Polyurethane (PU)-SMP based composites contain carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibres (CNFs), carbon black, conductive fibres, ferromagnetic particles (nickel zinc ferrite), graphene, etc., as fillers [1–11]. SMP is a kind of stimuli responsive material, which due to its dynamic potential, will play a significant role in future technological innovations. The stimuli responsive are having novel features such as, two-way shape memory effects (S
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