Gene Expression and Its Discontents The Social Production of Chronic
This book describes how epigenetic context, in a large sense, affects gene expression and the development of an organism, using the asymptotic limit theorems of information theory to construct statistical models useful in data analysis. The approach allow
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ne Expression and Its Discontents The Social Production of Chronic Disease Second Edition
Gene Expression and Its Discontents
Rodrick Wallace • Deborah Wallace
Gene Expression and Its Discontents The Social Production of Chronic Disease Second Edition
123
Rodrick Wallace Division of Epidemiology The New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University New York, NY, USA
Deborah Wallace New York, NY, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-48077-0 ISBN 978-3-319-48078-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-48078-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016955556 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2010, 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
Within the United States, beginning in the late 1980s, several chronic conditions began epidemic increases of both incidence and prevalence. These conditions included asthma, obesity, obesity-related diseases such as diabetes, certain cancers, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Scientific papers duly reported the existence of genes that putatively made their carriers more vulnerable to these conditions than the general public. However, the genetic composition of US populations did not change so rapidly as to be a basis for these rapid epidemics. HIV/AIDs and tuberculosis, although infectious, are classed as chronic diseases and also became epidemic in the United States during these years. Mental disorders also form an important set of persistent chronic conditions having “environmental” correlations that challenge simple genetic etiologies. Furthermore, many of these epidemics had geographic foci at multiple levels of organization: neighborhood, municipality, county, state, and country. Many conditions formed “syndemics”—multiple epidemics with the same geography. Poor neighborhoods of color showed heighte
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