Genetic Modification and Bioprocess Optimization for S-Adenosyl-L-methionine Biosynthesis
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine is an important bioactive sulfur-containing amino acid. Large scale preparation of the amino acid is of great significance. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine can be synthesized from L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate in a reaction catal
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Genetic Modification and Bioprocess Optimization for S-Adenosyl-L-methionine Biosynthesis Xiaoqing Hu, Peter J. Quinn, Zhou Wang, Guoqiang Han, and Xiaoyuan Wang
Abstract S-Adenosyl-L-methionine is an important bioactive sulfur-containing amino acid. Large scale preparation of the amino acid is of great significance. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine can be synthesized from L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate in a reaction catalyzed by methionine adenosyltransferase. In order to enhance S-adenosyl-L-methionine biosynthesis by industrial microbial strains, various strategies have been employed to optimize the process. Genetic manipulation has largely focused on enhancement of expression and activity of methionine adenosyltransferase. This has included its overexpression in Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, molecular evolution, and fine-tuning of expression by promoter engineering. Furthermore, knocking in of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin and knocking out of cystathionine-b-synthase have also been effective strategies. Besides genetic modification, novel bioprocess strategies have also been conducted to improve S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthesis and inhibit its conversion. This has involved the optimization of feeding modes of methanol, glycerol and
X. Hu • X. Wang (*) State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China e-mail: [email protected] P.J. Quinn Department of Biochemistry, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK Z. Wang • G. Han Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China X. Wang et al. (eds.), Reprogramming Microbial Metabolic Pathways, Subcellular Biochemistry 64, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5055-5_16, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012
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L-methionine substrates. Taken together considerable improvements have been achieved in S-adenosyl-L-methionine accumulation at both flask and fermenter scales. This review provides a contemporary account of these developments and identifies potential methods for further improvements in the efficiency of S-adenosyl-Lmethionine biosynthesis. Keywords Bioprocess optimization • Genetic modification • Pichia pastoris • Promoter • S-adenosyl-L-methionine
Abbreviations ATP CBS C-source L-Met MAT PAOX PGAP SAH SAM VHb
16.1 16.1.1
Adenosine triphosphate Cystathionine-b-synthase Carbon source L-methionine Methionine adenosyltransferase Promoter of alcohol oxidase 1 gene Promoter of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine S-adenosyl-L-methionine Vitreoscilla hemoglobin
Introduction The Structure, Function and Therapeutic Uses of S-Adenosyl-L-methionine
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) was discovered in 1952 by Cantoni (1952), and its IUPAC name was designated as (2 S)-2-Amino-4-[[(2 S,3 S,4R,5R)-5-(6aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl-methylsulfonio] butanoate. The molecular structure in Fig
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