Genetics of Aspergillus
The ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans was recognized by Pontecorvo in the late 1940s/early 1950s as a very suitable organism for genetic experiments (first reviewed by Pontecorvo et al. 1953). This review also mentioned the first genetic experiments with As
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CONTENTS I. 11. A. B. In.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genetic Mechanisms in Fungi ............. Meiotic Recombination .................. Mitotic Recombination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Induction, Characterization and Use of Mutants ..................... A. Induction of Mutants .................... B. Selection and Characterization of Mutants ... IV. Genetic Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Meiotic Genetic Analysis ................. 1. Ascocarp Analysis .................... 2. Meiotic Mapping ..................... 3. Meiotic Recombination ................ B. Mitotic Genetic Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Different Recombination Processes . . . . . . . 2. Isolation of Somatic Diploids ........... 3. Assignment of Genes to a Linkage Group . . 4. Mitotic Mapping ..................... C. Comparison of Meiotic and Mitotic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Strategies and Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Growth Conditions and Strains ............ 1. Media and Growth Conditions .......... 2. Induction of Mutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Methods for Genetic Analysis ............. 1. Sexual Crosses ....................... 2. Heterokaryons ....................... 3. Isolation of Diploids .................. 4. Haploidization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Selection of Diploid Mitotic Segregants ... VI. Applied Genetics ....................... VII. Conclusions ........................... References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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I. Introduction The aseomyeete Aspergillus nidulans was reeognized by Ponteeorvo in the late 1940s/early 1950s as a very suitable organism for genetie experiments (first reviewed by Ponteeorvo et al. 1953). This review also mentioned the first genetie experiments with Aspergillus niger using the parasexual I Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands
eyde. From that time on, these two organisms were investigated in great detail all over the world; A. nidulans mainly as a model organism for studying genetie transmission, reeombination, gene regulation and for unraveling metabolie pathways and its regulations; A. niger beeame very important in industrial applieations. In the last deeades, new dimensions have been added to the genetics of A. nidulans and A. niger by genetie engineering, and gene and genome sequencing. The name Aspergillus belongs in principle to the form genus of Moniliales with a eharaeteristie pattern of vegetative spore heads. Raper and Fennell (1965), who studied the Aspergilli extensively, mention that Mieheli introdueed the name Aspergillus in 1729, beeause of the resemblanee of the eonidiophores to a holy-water sprinkler (aspergillum). In 1854, De Barry reported the direet relationship between the ascomyeetous genus Eu
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