Genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of methacrylate-based orthodontic adhesives
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of methacrylate-based orthodontic adhesives Andreas Taubmann 1 & Ines Willershausen 2
&
Christian Walter 3 & Sarah Al-Maawi 4 & Bernd Kaina 5 & Lina Gölz 2
Received: 7 July 2019 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Objectives The biocompatibility of methacrylate-based adhesives is a topic that is intensively discussed in dentistry. Since only limited evidence concerning the cyto- and genotoxicity of orthodontic adhesives is available, the aim of this study was to measure the genotoxic potential of seven orthodontic methacrylate-based adhesives. Materials and methods The XTT assay was utilized to determine the cytotoxicity of Assure Plus, Assure Bonding Resin, ExciTE F, OptiBond Solo Plus, Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, Transbond MIP, and Transbond XT after an incubation period of 24 h on human gingival fibroblasts. We also performed the γH2AX assay to explore the genotoxic potential of the adhesives within cytotoxic dose ranges after an incubation period of 6 h. Results The XTT assay showed a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability. The decrease in cellular viability was in the same dose range most significant for Assure Plus, rendering it the adhesive material with the highest cytotoxicity. Employing the γH2AX assay, a concentration-dependent increase in H2AX phosphorylation was detected, indicating induction of DNA damage. Conclusions For most products, a linear correlation between the material concentration and γH2AX foci was observed. The most severe effect on γH2AX focus induction was found for Transbond MIP, which was the only adhesive in the test group containing the co-initiator diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPIHP). Clinical relevance The data indicate that orthodontic adhesives, notably Transbond MIP, bear a genotoxic potential. Since the study was performed with in vitro cultivated cells, a direct translation of the findings to in vivo exposure conditions should be considered with great diligence. Keywords γH2AX assay . Orthodontic adhesives . Methacrylates . DPIHP . Biocompatibility
Introduction Andreas Taubmann and Ines Willershausen contributed equally to this work. * Ines Willershausen [email protected] 1
Department of Operative Dentistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
2
Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
3
MEDI+ Mainz, Private Practice, Mainz, Germany
4
Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
5
Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
The inception of adhesive techniques to orthodontics in the late 1960s has resulted in a focus on resin materials [1, 2]. Adhesive materials are currently well-established in orthodontic practice and are routinely used when applying fixed buccal/ lingual bracket
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