Comparative cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of benzyl-butyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate using Allium cepa assay
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Comparative cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of benzyl-butyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate using Allium cepa assay Arpna Kumari1 • Saroj Arora1 • Rajinder Kaur1 1
Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
Received: 19 March 2020 / Revised: 26 August 2020 / Accepted: 28 August 2020 The Joint Center on Global Change and Earth System Science of the University of Maryland and Beijing Normal University 2020
Abstract The colossal applications of phthalates make them ubiquitous. Several studies reported toxicity and ecological effects of phthalates. However, toxicological studies using Allium cepa assay are not well explored. Therefore, the current study envisages the morphological toxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of two phthalates using Allium cepa assay. To study the effects of phthalates on roots length, the plant was subjected to different concentrations of benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) for 24 and 120 h. After 120 h treatment, the effect was [ 50%; therefore, for further investigations, the treatment durations were set at 24 and 48 h. The roots length was significantly declined with increase in phthalates concentrations. From microscopic studies, it was observed that phthalates significantly decreased mitotic
index (MI) after 24 and 48 h exposure. After 24 h exposure, the decline in MI was maximum with BBP treatment, while after 48 h, it was maximum with DBP treatment. On the other hand, a significant increase in percent chromosomal anomalies was induced by phthalates and the maximum increase was with DBP treatment under both exposure durations. The changes in root surface morphology were observed using scanning electron microscope. The loss in cell viability was also observed in treated and untreated root samples using laser confocal scanning microscopy. UHPLC was used to analyze the accumulation of phthalates in the roots. It can be concluded that phthalates cause deleterious effects on A. cepa and extent depends on their concentrations and treatment durations.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-020-00186-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Rajinder Kaur [email protected]
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Graphic abstract
Keywords Phthalates Morphological characteristics SEM Cytotoxicity Genotoxicity LCSM RP-UHPLCPDA
1 Introduction The immense use of phthalates as plasticizers has become a serious environmental concern. Among phthalates, BBP was reported as to be an endocrine disruptor, whereas DBP is one of the mostly used plasticizers (Kumari and Kaur 2019; Kiralan et al. 2020). Phthalates are dialkyl or alkyl or aryl esters of 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (Kumari and Kaur 2018). They exhibit physical bonding with the polymeric matrix that causes their leaching to different environmental media and exert various damaging effects on flora and fauna (Net et al.
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