Geochemical mapping in a subtropical estuarine system influenced by large grain-shipping terminals: Insights using Metal
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Geochemical mapping in a subtropical estuarine system influenced by large grain‑shipping terminals: Insights using Metal/Metal ratios and multivariate analysis José Lourenço Friedmann Angeli1 · Tailisi Hoppe Trevizani1 · Renata Hanae Nagai2 · César C. Martins2 · Rubens César Lopes Figueira1 · Michel Michaelovitch de Mahiques1,3 Received: 26 October 2019 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, we combine the use of Metal/Metal ratios of 134 sediment samples with multivariate analysis to provide the first geochemical mapping of a large subtropical estuary influenced by one of the largest grain-shipping terminals of South America. Together with grain-size data, the results allowed us to efficiently map the different sectors of the estuarine complex, defining its geochemical faciology. Also, potassium-related ratios appeared to be reliable proxies for the identification of point sources of terrigenous sediments. Since there was no evidence of widespread trace metal contamination, the results here presented can be used as a baseline for the area. Keywords Geochemical mapping · Estuary · Metals · Ports
Introduction Due to their geomorphological characteristics, which were appropriate for human settlements, estuaries are among the most ancient environments occupied by the civilization (Young et al. 2013; Viles 2016; Reichelt-Brushett et al. 2017). On the other hand, because of the physicochemical processes involving clay flocculation, estuaries present a high potential of accumulating contaminated sediments (Belzunce et al. 2004; Birch et al. 2015; La Colla et al. 2018; Mishra et al. 2019), both of organic (Merhaby et al. 2015; Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09211-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Michel Michaelovitch de Mahiques [email protected] 1
Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (IO/USP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP 05508 120, Brazil
2
Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira‑Mar, s/n, Pontal do Paraná, PR 83255‑976, Brazil
3
Instituto de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Luciano Gualberto, 1289, São Paulo 05508‑010, Brazil
Botwe et al. 2017) and inorganic (Tessier et al. 2011; Meng et al. 2014; Chen et al. 2016; Gaonkar and Matta 2019) origins, which led to severe contamination of global coastal environments. Our dependency, as a society, on healthy oceanic and coastal systems, led this topic to be one of the most important objectives of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (Lu et al. 2018; Bisht 2019). Geochemical mapping is an efficient tool for environmental assessment (Reimann 2005; Garrett et al. 2008; Abbasi et al. 2019) and determination of source areas (Ip et al. 2007; Armstrong-Altrin et al. 2015, 2019). It has been widely used in distinct environments, both terrestrial (Johnson a
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