Giant-miscanthus-derived activated carbon and its application to lithium sulfur batteries
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Carbon Letters https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-019-00117-w
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Giant‑miscanthus‑derived activated carbon and its application to lithium sulfur batteries Geon Hae Lim1 · Ji Su Chae1 · Young‑Lok Cha3 · Yun Chan Kang2 · Kwang Chul Roh1 Received: 18 September 2019 / Revised: 2 November 2019 / Accepted: 2 December 2019 © Korean Carbon Society 2019
Abstract Giant miscanthus (GM) is an Asian grass that can produce biomass in high yields per land area. It can be used as a cathode material in lithium sulfur (Li/S) batteries. Giant-miscanthus-derived activated carbon (GMAC) is prepared via carbonization of GM followed by KOH activation. It is prepared with a large amount of KOH, and thus contained more defects but had a highly porous structure and graphitic cluster lattice. GMAC has a large specific surface area of 3327 m2/g and a large total pore volume of 1.86 cm3/g. The pore volume served as a storage space for the retention of polysulfides, thereby inhibiting the shuttle effect. When a GMAC–sulfur composite cathode is tested in a Li/S battery, an initial discharge capacity of 1148 mAh/g can be attained at 0.1 C. In a cyclic charge–discharge experiment at 1 C, discharge capacities of 529 mAh/g and 248 mAh/g are observed in the first and 200th cycles, respectively. Keywords Biomass · Activated carbon · Lithium sulfur batteries · Giant miscanthus
1 Introduction Biomass derived from agricultural or industrial processes has gained particular interest in recent years due to the progressive depletion of fossil fuels, which causes an increased use of renewable energy sources. This recyclable and earthabundant biomass can play numerous roles in sustainable development. In particular, it can be used for energy production [1, 2]. Activated carbon is mostly manufactured from biomass, which is derived from various agricultural sources. The key Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-019-00117-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Kwang Chul Roh [email protected] 1
Energy Storage Materials Center, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju‑si, Gyeongsangnam‑do 52851, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Anam‑Dong, Seongbok‑Gu, Seoul 136‑713, Republic of Korea
3
Bioenergy Crop Research Center, NICS, RDA, 293‑5 Cheongcheon, Chenggye, Muan, Jeonnam 534‑833, Republic of Korea
characteristic of activated carbon is its large internal surface area owing to the internal porous spaces. In general, higher the pore volume and the internal surface area, higher is the effectiveness of the activated carbon [3, 4]. Activated carbon derived from biomass, such as banana peels [5], rubber seed shells [6], shrimp shells [7], silk proteins [8], and soybeans [9], can be used as a carbon source. Materials based on biomass-derived activated carbon have different morphologies, structures, conductive backbones, and electrochemical properties because of which t
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