Glaucoma and Myopia
The incidence of glaucoma in young myopic adults in the literature varies between 25 and 67 % [1–3]. The review of these cases shows mostly open angles, pigmented, Krukenberg’s spindle, and pathological embryonic remains at chamber angle level between the
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Contents 49.1
Prevalence ................................................... 929
49.2
Functional Examination of the Myopic Eye....................................... 930
49.3
Intraocular Pressure and Myopia ............ 930
49.4
The Optic Disk in Myopia ......................... 930
49.5
Visual Field in Myopia ............................... 932
49.6
Retinal Detachment, Myopia and Glaucoma ............................................ 932 Frequency of Myopia and Retinal Detachment in Pigmentary Glaucomas........ 932
49.6.1 49.7
Schwartz Syndrome ................................... 933
49.8
Glaucoma Secondary to Scleral Indentation in Retinal Surgery ................. 933
49.9
Buphthalmos and Retinal Detachment .... 934
References ................................................................. 934
49.1
49
Prevalence
The incidence of glaucoma in young myopic adults in the literature varies between 25 and 67 % [1–3]. The review of these cases shows mostly open angles, pigmented, Krukenberg’s spindle, and pathological embryonic remains at chamber angle level between the iris root and Schwalbe’s line. These remains are really pathological, stain positively with Gomori stain, and are not, as stated in the literature, iris processes, normal in the population, and Gomori negative. Davenport, in 1959 [4], reported that some myopic eyes had narrow angles or closed angles. We have very rarely found narrow angles in myopia. Mydriasis never affects ocular pressure in these cases. The incidence of glaucoma in myopic adults ranges in the literature between 31 and 14.5 % [2, 5]. Conversely, the prevalence of myopia in glaucomatous eyes varies between 13.3 [6] and 28.6 % [7, 8]. Such large variations may be due to the variety of definitions that there are concerning glaucoma and myopia. When studies of this nature are made, it is necessary to always evaluate the myopia by axial length, in order to be sure not to include cases of eyes that are really pseudomyopic from nuclear sclerosis. This is how Curtin, in 1970 [9], showed with echometry that the relationship of glaucoma with myopia shows up the greater prevalence of glaucoma in eyes with a greater axial length.
R. Sampaolesi et al., The Glaucomas, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35500-4_49, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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Functional Examination of the Myopic Eye
In the literature, there is almost no study on the functional examination of the non-glaucomatous myopic eye. Dr. Nassim Calixto of Belo Horizonte published a paper on this subject in 1980 [10] at the 11th South American Glaucoma Symposium in Iguazu (Brazil). We may summarize his findings as follows: He made a comparative study of intraocular pressure, the diurnal pressure curve, and the tonographic coefficients of myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic eyes. He showed that ocular pressure is higher in non-glaucomatous myopic eyes than in hyperopic and emmetropic eyes. He found the same when he performed the diurnal pressure curve. This is very important to bear in mind in the case of s
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