Global Virology III: Virology in the 21st Century

Global Virology, Volume III: Virology in the 21st Century examines work that has been undertaken, or is planned, in several fields of virology, in an effort to promote current and future work, research, and health. Fields and methods addressed includ

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III: Virology in the 21st Century

Global Virology III: Virology in the 21st Century

Paul Shapshak  •  Seetharaman Balaji Pandjassarame Kangueane  •  Francesco Chiappelli Charurut Somboonwit  •  Lynette J. Menezes John T. Sinnott Editors

Global Virology III: Virology in the 21st Century

Editors Paul Shapshak Department of Internal Medicine University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA Pandjassarame Kangueane Biomedical Informatics 17, Irulan Sandy Annex Pondicherry, Pondicherry, India Charurut Somboonwit Department of Internal Medicine University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA John T. Sinnott Department of Internal Medicine University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA

Seetharaman Balaji Department of Biotechnology Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal, Karnataka, India Francesco Chiappelli Oral Biology and Medicine, CHS 63-090 UCLA School of Dentistry Oral Biology and Medicine, CHS 63-090 Los Angeles, CA, USA Lynette J. Menezes Department of Internal Medicine University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA

ISBN 978-3-030-29021-4    ISBN 978-3-030-29022-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29022-1 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

Viral diseases persist and develop with global increased risks for morbidity and mortality, in addition to social and financial disruption. Envelopment by viral disease spread due to global warming is a well-established contributor to these dire straits through increased vector range with multiple viral/microbial spread in addition to social disharmony and concomitant reduction of standards of living. Answering the need for enhanced methods of study assists resear