Globalization-driven CO 2 emissions in Singapore: an application of ARDL approach
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Globalization-driven CO2 emissions in Singapore: an application of ARDL approach Usman Mehmood 1 Received: 25 June 2020 / Accepted: 21 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study explores the linkage between globalization and CO2 emissions in Singapore by using long-term data obtained during 1970–2014. The Zivot-Andrew unit root test corroborates that gross domestic production, economic globalization, political globalization, social globalization, square of economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions have a unit root at I(0) and stationary at I(1). In this study, the application of auto-regressive distributed lag model finds a significant linkage between the estimated variables. Short- and long-run coefficients confirm that social globalization and economic globalization will be responsible for reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in the future for Singapore. Moreover, this research confirms the presence of environmental Kuznets curve in Singapore. It is proved that a 1% increase in political globalization will increase 2.06% emissions in the long term. The stability of the model is confirmed by diagnostic tests. In addition, policy implications to reduce air pollution are presented in this study. Keywords Globalization . Singapore . ARDL . Political globalization . GDP
Introduction Today, the world is rapidly developing in terms of globalization and urbanization (Shahbaz et al. 2016). This developing situation is at a faster rate in progressing nations as compared to progressed nations (Salahuddin et al. 2019). Almost all the economies are linked like a chain due to the role of openeconomy strategies (Mehmood and Tariq 2020). Therefore, economic instability in any part of the world may disrupt other nations (Saud et al. 2018; Salahuddin et al. 2019). Rapid industrialization has become a fashion for the developing world to achieve more economic growth at a faster rate which is degrading the environment (Tariq 2017). Therefore, to achieve sustainable development goals, it is essential to reduce greenhouse gasses (GHGs) emissions (Tariq 2017). The position of carbon dioxide (CO2) is fundamental in bringing drastic climatic change and related problems (Ullah et al. 2018). Therefore, the CO2 emissions have increased at a significant rate (HoltzResponsible Editor: Nicholas Apergis * Usman Mehmood [email protected] 1
Department of Political Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Eakin and Selden 1995; Sadorsky 2014; Shahbaz et al. 2013). According to Aung et al. (2017) and Khan and Ullah (2019), CO2 emissions have increased by 40% then observed in 1990. In this era of industrialization, the role of globalization is evident to achieve economic growth. Industrial production requires more energy consumption and burning of fossil fuels, creating more and serious environmental problems. As the economic growth of a country increases, its environmental protection strategies need care through the timely and regular rev
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