Do renewable energy and natural gas consumption mitigate CO 2 emissions in the USA? New insights from NARDL approach
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RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Do renewable energy and natural gas consumption mitigate CO2 emissions in the USA? New insights from NARDL approach Ferhat Çıtak 1
&
Hakan Uslu 2 & Oğuzhan Batmaz 3 & Safa Hoş 1
Received: 17 July 2020 / Accepted: 1 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This article attempts to explore the asymmetric impact of renewable energy and natural gas consumptions on CO2 emissions for the selected ten most populous states in the USA over the period from 1997 to 2017. For that purpose, the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) estimation technique, developed by Shin et al. (2014), decomposes the consumption of renewable energy and natural gas into positive and negative changes. The cointegration test results indicate that renewable energy and natural gas consumptions have a long-run connection with CO2 emissions in the eight of states used in the study. Moreover, the results reveal that the long-run asymmetric impact of renewable energy and natural gas consumptions on CO2 emissions differs from state to state. Finally, the study provides several important policy suggestions, including reducing the CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Keywords CO2 emissions . Renewable energy . Natural gas . NARDL . USA
Introduction Energy plays many vital roles in the modern society from the sustainability of human life to the economic growth of a country. is the USA is one of the energy-based growing countries that produce and consume different types of energy sources. The USA consumes 17% of the total global energy consumption of 582 btu (British Thermal Units) although it has less than 5% of the world’s population in 2017. In comparison, the Responsible Editor: Nicholas Apergis * Ferhat Çıtak [email protected] Hakan Uslu [email protected] Oğuzhan Batmaz [email protected] Safa Hoş [email protected] 1
School of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
2
School of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Adıyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
3
Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
European Union, which includes 27 countries, consumes only 12% of the world’s energy consumption at the same year. However, the USA has also a large amount of contribution to world energy production with the production of 12% of the total global energy production of 576 btu (www.eia.gov). Total energy consumption in the USA in 2019 was about 100.2 quadrillion btu. The amount of energy production has exceeded the consumption amount for the first time since 1957 and has approached to 101 quadrillion btu. A large part of all this energy production and consumption depends on traditional non-renewable energy sources including coal, oil, and natural gas. In addition, renewable energy sources have an important place in this consumption. Between 1950 and 2019, total energy consumption has increased by 190% in the country, as a result of this increase there has been a sharp rise in the CO2 emissions in the
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