Glucose Sensing
Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Glucose Sensing is the eleventh volume in the popular series Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, edited by Drs. Chris D. Geddes and Joseph R. Lakowicz. This volume incorporates authoritative analytical fluorescence-ba
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Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy Edited by CHRIS D. GEDDES and JOSEPH R. LAKOWICZ
Techniques Principles Biochemical Applications Probe Design and Chemical Sensing Nonlinear and Two-Photon-Induced Fluorescence Protein Fluorescence DNA Technology Radiative Decay Engineering Advanced Concepts in Fluorescence Sensing Part A: Small Molecule Sensing Volume 1(y. Advanced Concepts in Fluorescence Sensing Part B: Macromolecular Sensing Volume 1 1: Glucose Sensing Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 7 Volume 8 Volume 9
Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy Volume 11 Glucose Sensing Edited by
CHRIS D. GEDDES The Institute of Fluorescence Medical Biotechnology Center University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute Baltimore, Maryland
and
JOSEPH R. LAKOWICZ Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
Springer
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005934916 ISBN-10: 0-387-29571-2 ISBN-13: 978-0387-29571-8 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science-i-Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springeronline.com
(TB/IBT)
PREFACE As a common medical condition that produces excessive thirst, continuous urination and severe weight loss, Diabetes has interested medical researchers for over three millennia. Unfortunately it wasn't until the early 20th century that the prognosis for this condition became any better than it was 3000 years ago. The term Diabetes was first used by Apollonius of Mephis around 230 BC, which in Greek means "To pass through" (Dia - through, betes - to go). Apollonius and his colleagues considered Diabetes as a disease of the Kidneys and subsequently recommended completely ineffective treatments, such as bloodletting or dehydration. While the Ebers Papyrus, which was written around 1500 BC, excavated in 1862 AD from an ancient grave in Thebes, Egypt, described the first reference to what we now consider to be Diabetes Mellitus, it was physicians in India at around the same time that developed the first crude test for diabetes. They observed that the urine from people with diabetes attracted ants and flies. They subsequently named the condition "madhumeha" or "honey urine". Our understanding, diet and our abi
