Gold nanostar-based voltammetric sensor for chromium(VI)
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Gold nanostar-based voltammetric sensor for chromium(VI) Susom Dutta 1
&
Guinevere Strack 1,2 & Pradeep Kurup 1
Received: 3 April 2019 / Accepted: 17 September 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract This paper presents an electrochemical sensor for Cr(VI) (chromate ion) in water. A disposable screen-printed electrode was modified with gold nanostars (AuNSs) that were synthesized by Good’s buffer method. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was employed for the detection of Cr(VI) in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solution. The AuNSs are shown to provide higher current response to Cr(VI) than spherically shaped gold nanoparticles. The sensor gives the strongest response at a scan rate of 0.05 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and exhibits minimal interference from other electroactive species. The linear range extends from 10 to 75,000 ppb, and the limit of detection is 3.5 ppb. This is well below the provisional guideline value given by the World Health Organization. Excellent recoveries (ranging between 95 and 97%) were found when analyzing contaminated ground water samples obtained from a site situated in Wellesley, MA. Keywords Heavy metals . Ground water analysis . Linear sweep voltammetry . Carbon paste screen-printed electrode . Nanoparticle . Monitoring wells . Star-shaped nanoparticle
Introduction Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), found in ground water and drinking water, is highly toxic and associated with several adverse health effects [1–4]. Short-term exposure to high concentrations leads to allergic reactions and ulcerations of the skin and stomach. Long-term exposure can cause extensive organ and tissue damage, cancer, and death [3–6]. In a nationwide (US) test spanning 2013 to 2015, over 75% of 60,000 drinking water samples tested positive for chromium [7]. The World Health Organization (WHO) established the maximum limit of Cr(VI) in drinking water at 50 ppb; however, it is unclear if chronic exposure to this level, or to lower levels, Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3847-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Pradeep Kurup [email protected] Susom Dutta [email protected] 1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
2
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
is associated with adverse health effects. Therefore, a portable, low-cost, highly sensitive sensor that detects Cr(VI) in drinking water and groundwater can provide warning and prevent the consumption of contaminated water. Cr(VI) occurs naturally in rocks, soil, plants, and volcanic discharge; however, human-caused environmental contamination significantly contributes to high levels of Cr(VI) found in groundwater. For example, chromium is used for making steel and other alloys, the manufacture of dyes and pigments, and leather, and wood preservation [8]. A local site wit
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